64 Cards in this Set
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One step in the scientific method involves using a hypothesis to generate a testable prediction. This process is an example of ____
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deduction
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The last step in the research process is
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generating new questions or new hypothesis to restart the research cycle.
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Method of authority
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talking with a expert on a subject, relying on the expertise of someone else.
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Empirical method
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attempts to answer questions by direct observation or personal experience.
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Hypothesis
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describes the relation b/t variables.
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Steps of Scientific Method
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1) Observe Behavior
2) Form a hypothesis
3) Use hypothesis to generate a testable prediction
4) Evaluate prediction by making observations
5) Use observations to re-define hypothesis
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It is possible for psychologists to study variables such as hunger, motivation, and self-esteem because these variables can be measured by ____
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operational definitions
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A measurement procedure is valid if it
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measures what you intend it to measure.
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A(n) ____ measure produces similar results when the same individuals are measured under identical conditions.
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reliable
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Measurement that includes a large error component will have very low ____.
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reliability
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What is a construct?
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hypothetical attributes or mechanisms that help explain and predict behavior in a theory.
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What is confidentiality?
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ensures that the info obtained from a research participant will be kept secret and private
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The issue of ethics must be kept in mind during which of the steps in the research process?
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selecting participants, reporting results, selecting measures
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What do the APA Ethical guidelines cover?
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Treatment of human subjects, reporting of results, treatment of nonhuman subjects
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What is included in the APA ethical guidelines?
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no harm, informed consent, confidentially.
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The goal of the descriptive research strategy is
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to describe a variable (or variables) as they exist naturally.
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A case study typically involves the detailed study of
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a single individual
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What is the goal of the descriptive research strategy?
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to describe a single variable or to obtain separate descriptions for each variable when several are involved.
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What is the frequency method?
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counting the instances of each specific behavior that occur during a fixed time observation period
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What are open ended questions?
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like a essay or short answer
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What are restricted questions?
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multiple choice.
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What is nonresponce bias?
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a threat to external validity
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What is a population and sample?
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pop- large group of interest to a researcher
sam- small set of individuals who participate in the study.
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Independent vs dependent variable.
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Independent- manipulated
Dependent- measured.
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Convenience sampling.
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the most commonly used sampling method. selection of individuals on the basic of their availability and willingness to respond.
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What is probability sampling?
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the odds of selecting a particular individual are known and can be calculated, the entire pop is known.
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An advantage of the case study design (compared with group designs) is
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it can demonstrate a counterexample to a general principle, it can be emotionally powerful and convincing, it can be used to study rare phenomena.
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Parameter vs. Statistic
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parameter- avg. score of population
statistic- characteristic that describes a sample
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Categorical vs. continuous variable
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Categorical- has separate, indivisible categories. Continuous- has an infinite # of possible values b/t any two observed values
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Statistical methods that use sample data to answer general questions about a population are called...
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Inferential Statistics
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Using letter grades to classify student performance on an exam is an example of measurement on a ___ scale of measure.
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Ordinal
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The observed frequency refers to _____
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the frequencies found in the data sample
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The expected frequencies ____.
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can contain fractions or decimal values
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The chi-square distribution is ____.
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positively skewed with all values greater than or equal to zero
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Any factor that raises doubts about the research results or the interpretation of the results is a
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threat to validity.
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Any factor that limits the ability to generalize the results of the study is a threat to
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external validity.
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____ effects occur when environmental events other than the treatment influence the participants' scores in one treatment differently than in another treatment.
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History
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In general, what is the relationship between the standard deviation and variance?
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Standard deviation is the square root of variance.
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The sum of the squared deviation scores is SS = 60 for a population of N = 5 scores. What is the variance for this population?
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- 60/5= 12
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In a sample with M = 50, a score of X = 45 would have a deviation score of ____.
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-5
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A z-score of z = -2.00 indicates a position in a distribution...
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below the mean by a distance equal to 2 standard deviations.
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For a population with m = 80 and s = 12, the z-score corresponding to X = 74 is z = ____.
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-.50
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For a population with m = 100 and s = 20, what is the X value corresponding to z =-0.50?
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90
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The null hypothesis ____.
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states that the treatment has no effect
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The critical region for a hypothesis test consists of ____
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outcomes that have a very low probability if the null hypothesis is true
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In a typical hypothesis testing situation, the null hypothesis makes a statement about ____.
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the population after treatment
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A Type I error is defined as ____.
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rejecting a true null hypothesis
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A Type II error is defined as ____
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failing to reject a false null hypothesis
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A defining characteristic of the correlational study is
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the intent is to demonstrate the relationship between variables.
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A negative value for a correlation indicates ____
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increases in X tend to be accompanied by decreases in Y
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A Pearson correlation of r = -0.85 indicates that a graph of the data would show
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points clustered close to a line that slopes down to the right.
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Which research design is commonly used to help establish the reliability or validity of a measurement procedure?
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the correlational design
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The correlational research strategy is often used when
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- an area of research is just beginning
- a researcher is prohibited from manipulating a variable.
- a theory is tested.
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For a hypothesis test for the Pearson correlation, the null hypothesis states that ____.
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the population correlation is zero
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A researcher moves an experiment out of the laboratory and into the real world. This type of research is called
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field study
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What are major differences between a hypothesis test with the t statistic formula and the test with a z-score?
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You use the unit normal table to find critical values for the z-score test but not for the t test, You must know the population variance (or standard deviation) for the z-score but not for the t statistic, You must calculate the sample variance (or standard deviation) for the t statistic …
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Seeking answers by using the reference materials in a college library is an example of using the
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method of authority
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Using letter grades (A, B, C, D, and F) to classify student performance on an exam is an example of measurement on a(n) ________ scale of measurement.
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Ordinal
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After measuring two individuals, a researcher can say that Tom's score is 4 points higher than Bill's. The measurements must come from a(n) ________ scale.
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ordinal
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Nominal scale
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tells you that a difference exists
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Interval scale
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determine the direction and magnitude of a difference.
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The APA ethical guidelines:
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permit research using either active or passive deception.
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The average score for an entire population is an example of a
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parameter
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Which of the following accurately describes the critical region?
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Outcomes with a very low probability if the null hypothesis is true.
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PSYC 3510: FINAL