Application Test 1 Study Guide In addition to having a solid understanding of the terminology, please be able torespond thoughtfully to the following questions. Please note that your exam includes 24multiple-choice questions (each is worth 5 points). 1.Why is it important to be a good producer of psychological research?b.Develop hypotheses, randomize participants to study conditions, interpret scientificresults, identify the limitations of others work, deepen understanding of psychologicalinquiry2.Why is it important to be a good consumer of psychological research?a.Interpret information on the Tv,internet, etc. responsibly, many fiends require researchsuch as social work, teaching, therapy, etc.3.Describe each of the four scientific cycles (theory-to-data, basic-applied, peer-review,journal-to-journalism).a.Theory-Data: process by which scientists collect data to test, change, or update theirtheoriesi.First step- ask a series of questions guided by a particular theoryii.Next- make predictions and test themb.Basic-Applied: Applied research is done with a particular problem in mind, basicresearch is not intended to address a specific, practical problem.i.Translational research is the dynamic bridge between basic and applied researchc.Peer-Review: Scientist submits their findings to a scientific journal, where the editorsends the paper out to various peers who respond and express whether they believe thepaper should appear in the journald.Journal-to-Journalismi.Primarily when sources of journalism (newspapers, magazines, etc.) report on ajournal article1.In other cases, a scientist may become inspired by something they see in atabloid4.What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis? How are the two related? How arethey different?a.A theory is much broader than a hypothesis. Theories typically lead to hypotheses. Ahypothesis is a way of stating the specific outcome that the researcher expects to observeif the theory is accurate5.What are the characteristics of a good theory?a.Supported by data, falsifiable, and parsimonious6.What is the difference between basic and applied research? Identify examples of each.a.Applied- done with a practical problem in mind. Ex: Exploring new treatments fordepression, autism, or eating disordersb.Basic-not intended to address a specific, practical problem. Ex: Gaining a betterunderstanding of the unimpaired human memory system7.Sometimes, basic and applied research is difficult to distinguish, why?a.Some studies can merely be an extension of another one but result in conclusions that areeasily applied to other situations8.Why is the empirical method superior to other sources of information?a.It does not depend on our personal experiences, intuition, etc.9.What are the characteristics of scientific research (see ppt)?a.Controlled, has a systematic comparison group, not biased10.Identify and describe the commonalities and differences between journals and magazines.a.Journals- peer reviewed, primarily read by other scientists and psychology students,almost never by the general public.b.Journalism- viewed by the general public, written by people who are not scientists11.What are the strengths of the peer-review process?a.Completely anonymous, gatekeepers for quality science, allows author to correct minorflaws before the journal is published12.Why shouldn’t we rely on our personal experiences or intuition as a source of information?a.We are biased and oftentimes think what we want to think. We succumb to cherrypicking, the ‘good story’, pop-up principle.13.When research is referred to as “controlled”, what is this describing? What are the advantagesof employing controlled research?a.It allows scientists to set up the conditions so that they include at least one comparisongroup and avoid confounds14.Differentiate between the good story, present bias, the pop-up principal, cherry-picking,confirmatory hypothesis testing, and over confidence.a.Good story- accepting a conclusion because it ‘makes sense’b.Present bias- the tendency to rely on what is present and ignore what is absent whenevaluating the evidence for a conclusionc.Pop-up principal- things that easily come to mind tend to guide our thinkingd.Cherry picking- seeking and accepting only the evidence that supports what we alreadythink and what we want to thinke.Confirmatory hypothesis testing- the tendency to ask only the questions that will lead tothe expected answerf.Overconfidence- to be confident in your ideas and their accuracy without question15.Why shouldn’t we trust authorities as sources of information?a.They often give misguided advice, take their advice with a grain of salt. Oftentimes theycan be wrong. Treat advice, media reports, and research with skepticism unless you’resure that a balanced assessment of the research has been