118 Cards in this Set
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A relatively durable change in behavior that is due to experience defines.
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learning
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When she was 6 years old, Anita went to a camp where she had a wonderful time. Two years later, her parents drove past the camp on their way to a family vacation. Anita had an unaccountable positive feeling sweep over her. Her positive feelings can be explained through the process of
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classical conditioning.
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In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is
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initially neutral.
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Jennifer is desperately afraid of snakes. Her psychologist believes that her fear of snakes may have been classically conditioned. If her psychologist is correct, Jennifer’s fear is the
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CR
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In her research, participants look at photographs of trees while lemonade crystals are placed on their tongues. The lemonade causes them to salivate. Over the course of many trials, people start to salivate to the photographs alone. In this situation, the photographs serve as the
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conditioned stimuli.
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office where she got her flu shot. However, it has been six months since she got the shot and although she has since visited her doctor, she no longer feels a twinge when she sees the flower poster. In behavioral terms, this process is called
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extinction
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A man loses his superstitious fear of black cats when bad outcomes do not happen after he sees one. What is this process called?
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extinction
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Buffy was petting her cat when she heard a loud clattering from an upstairs room. She became very startled. Now, she feels a bit fearful when she touches anything furry. This process would be referred to in behavioral terms as
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stimulus generalization
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Stimulus generalization is strongest when
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the stimuli are very similar to each other.
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When Terrence is driving and sees a police car, he immediately steps on his brake. When he sees a fire truck, he does not step on the brake. Terrence is demonstrating
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stimulus discrimination.
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In Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiments, the neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response is known as the
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conditioned stimulus
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In order to “cry” during a particular scene, an actress held a handkerchief soaked in onion juice close to her face. The onion juice served as a(n)
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UCS.
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Which of the following is an example of the behavioral process known as extinction?
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Lauren no longer shops at her neighborhood bakery because they stopped making her favorite kind of bagels
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A man loses his superstitious fear of black cats when bad outcomes do not happen after he sees one. What is this process called?
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extinction
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Buffy was petting her cat when she heard a loud clattering from an upstairs room. She became very startled. Now, she feels a bit fearful when she touches anything furry. This process would be referred to in behavioral terms as
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stimulus generalization
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Milton’s boss asks him to come into her office. To determine whether this request is a signal of good or bad news, Milton looks to see if his boss is smiling or frowning and whether the tone of her voice sounds positive or negative. Milton is using _____ to inform his decision
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stimulus discrimination
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Dan was riding a bus when the engine backfired and made a loud “bang.” His heart started pounding, and he felt sick with fear. The next time Dan got on a bus, these unpleasant feelings returned. How would Pavlov explain what happened to Dan?
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The unpleasant feeling had become a conditioned response
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When an animal that was conditioned to respond to a red light also responds to a pink light, it has experienced
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stimulus generalization.
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When Terrence is driving and sees a police car, he immediately steps on his brake. When he sees a fire truck, he does not step on the brake. Terrence is demonstrating
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stimulus discrimination.
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_____ refers to the category of learning in which voluntary behavior is affected by its consequences
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Operant conditioning
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Edward Thorndike’s experiments with caged cats showed that
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satisfying responses are more likely to be repeated in subsequent situations.
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Lisa was very shy and would not play with her fellow first-graders. If the teacher praised her only when Lisa was interacting with her classmates, the teacher would be attempting to use
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positive reinforcement
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Which of the following statements is true?
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Both positive and negative reinforcement increase the likelihood of a response.
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Sara’s shoes hurt her feet terribly. She took them off and immediately felt relief. She is likely to take off her shoes again when they bother her. This behavior is an example of
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negative reinforcement
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The process by which an aversive stimulus decreases the probability of a response that precedes it is known as
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punishment
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Aaron works in a clothing store and he is paid on commission. When he sells five articles of clothing, he is rewarded with a $10 bonus. The schedule of reinforcement that is illustrated in this example is
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fixed ratio.
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If an employer wants to ensure that work is being done at a steady pace, she should use a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement.
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variable ratio/variable interval
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Soon, he smiles only when she sits at the piano with him. Then he smiles when she plays one key. Eventually, he will smile at her only when she plays basic melodies. The father is using _____ to teach his daughter the complex task of playing the piano.
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shaping
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A college student wants to increase the amount of time she spends studying each week, while decreasing the number of hours she spends watching television. Using a program of _____, learning psychologists could help this student to achieve her goal.
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behavior modification
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Whenever a student answers a question in class, Professor Goldsmith responds, “That’s a great question; thank you for asking it.” Students are subsequently more likely to ask questions in Goldsmith’s class. This example most clearly illustrates
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operant conditioning.
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Kim enjoys skiing and finds that she goes on the slopes as often as she can. Kim’s behavior may be explained by Thorndike’s Law of Effect, which states that
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behavior that is rewarding or satisfying is likely to be repeated.
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The process by which an aversive stimulus decreases the probability of a response that precedes it is known as
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punishment.
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If an employer wants to ensure that work is being done at a steady pace, she should use a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement.
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variable ratio/variable interval
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Edward Thorndike’s experiments with caged cats showed that
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satisfying responses are more likely to be repeated in subsequent situations.
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Secondary reinforcers are those that
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Secondary reinforcers are those that
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A politician promises that she will temporarily suspend gas taxes if voters elect her to office. For those who vote for this politician, their behavior has been altered by
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negative reinforcement.
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The process by which an aversive stimulus decreases the probability of a response that precedes it is known as
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punishment.
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Which schedule of reinforcement results in the fastest response rates?
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ratio schedules
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Erik enjoys playing softball, but he never knows how many times he will bat before he hits a homerun. He might have two, five, or even ten at-bats before he hits a homerun. The schedule of reinforcement that is illustrated in this example is
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variable ratio.
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Cognitive learning theory approaches learning in terms of:
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mental processes
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A widely accepted explanation for latent learning is that an animal or person builds a _____ while exploring his or her surroundings.
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cognitive map
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Jennifer watched her mother making chocolate chip cookies but never helped to bake cookies herself. When she moved to her own apartment, Jennifer found that she actually was able to make the recipe without difficulty. Jennifer demonstrated which type of learning?
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latent
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What evidence did Tolman use to support the idea of latent learning?
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once rewards were introduced, the experimental groups exhibited few errors in the maze.
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According to which theory does learning occur through a process of watching others perform behaviors for which they are reinforced?
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observational learning
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Soon after the popular people in her group started to smoke cigarettes, Barb started smoking, too. Barb’s behavior is an example of what kind of learning process?
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observational learning
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Parents are rightfully concerned about the people in their community who serve as leaders for scout troops, school clubs, or church youth groups because adult leaders serve as _____. Their behavior may be imitated by the children they lead.
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models
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People do not always demonstrate the behaviors that they observe. According to Albert Bandura's classic study on the power of modeling, what is the key to demonstrating observed behaviors?
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rewards
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Children are less likely to model aggressive behaviors viewed on TV or in movies if they:
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see the aggressor get punished
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Research into the debate on the role of media violence suggests that media volence
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contributes to increased aggression among children and adults
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The core of the concept of latent learning involves the idea that
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actual learning may not be apparent in observable behavior
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According to which theory does learning occur through a process of watching others perform behaviors for which they are reinforced
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observational learning
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Soon after the popular people in her group started to smoke cigarettes, Barb started smoking, too. Barb’s behavior is an example of what kind of learning process?
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observational learning
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Children are less likely to model aggressive behaviors viewed on TV or in movies if they:
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see the aggressor get punished
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According to Anderson and Dill (2000), college students who played a violent video game were more likely than those who played a non-violent game to:
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be aggressive toward others
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Soon after the popular people in her group started to smoke cigarettes, Barb started smoking, too. Barb’s behavior is an example of what kind of learning process?
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observational learning
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Encoding is the memory process primarily concerned with
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getting information into memory
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Virtually all of the information being taken in by our senses appears to be held for a moment in a type of memory known as
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sensory memory.
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We look up a number in the phone book, push the book away, and then begin to dial the number. Why is it not good to be interrupted during this process?
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Information lasts only 15–25 seconds in short-term memory
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Thinking about the meaning of the information to be reviewed and trying to form associations with information already in memory is called _____.
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elaborative rehearsal
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When we learn the rhyme “Thirty days hath September, April, June, and November…,” we are using _____ to memorize the number of days in each month.
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mnemonics
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Declarative memory is divided into which two subtypes?
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episodic and semantic memory
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When you tell your roommate about what happened on the way to class, that information is retrieved from _____ memory.
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episodic
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If your episodic long-term memory were disabled, you would be unable to
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remember details of your own personal life.
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Memory psychologists refer to a mental representation of clusters of interconnected pieces of information as a(n)
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semantic network
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Estelle has fond memories for the night her husband proposed to her. This memory probably involves not only her hippocampus but also her:
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amygdala
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When we use the term “remembering” in day-to-day life, we are making reference to the memory process of:
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retrieval
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Information may last for _______ seconds in sensory memory; the capacity of sensory memory is _______.
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a few; large
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the associate asks over the phone. “Seven, six, four . . .” you begin. After a brief pause, you continue, “seventy-two . . . sixteen thirty-eight.” To ease the burden on the associate’s short-term memory, you are giving the number in ______ rather than as individual digits.
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chunks
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Thinking about the meaning of the information to be reviewed and trying to form associations with information already in memory is called _____.
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elaborative rehearsal
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When we learn the rhyme “Thirty days hath September, April, June, and November…,” we are using _____ to memorize the number of days in each month
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mnemonics
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Long-term memory is divided into which two subtypes?
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declarative and procedural
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Your abilities to understand the rules of logic that you use in your college courses are stored in long-term memory as _____ memories.
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semantic
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If your episodic long-term memory were disabled, you would be unable to
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remember details of your own personal life.
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Ilana is trying to remember a set of dates for her history class. While she practices the dates, she makes up rhymes and stories to go with them. This method of improving her memory by adding to the information she is trying to remember while practicing it is called
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elaborative rehearsal
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Thinking about the meaning of the information to be reviewed and trying to form associations with information already in memory is called _____.
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elaborative rehearsal
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Declarative memory is divided into which two subtypes?
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episodic and semantic memory
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Often, one memory triggers others in a flood of reminiscence. One mechanism by which this might occur is known as
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spreading activation.
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A stimulus that facilitates the recall of information from long-term memory is called a:
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retrieval cue.
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Multiple-choice exam questions generally test
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recognition
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According to _____ theory, our memory is best for information that we learn by getting a deep understanding of the information’s meaning.
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levels-of-processing
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Research on flashbulb memories indicates that
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the details of these memories are not very accurate.
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When asked to describe an examination room at his doctor’s office, John seemed to do an accurate job. However, he included a framed medical degree on the wall that was not there. This is an example of:
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constructive memory
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_________ are organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored and recalled.
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Schemas
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Which of these statements is correct about eyewitness identification of criminal suspects?
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Eyewitnesses are prone to memory errors concerning the accident or crime they witnessed.
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Children’s recall of stressful personal memories
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is prone to inaccuracy to a greater extent than is true for adults.
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Memories that we believe to be real, but never actually occurred are called _____.
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false memories
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Your _____ memory helps you recall what happened to you during your first day of college.
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autobiographical
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Retrieval cues are especially helpful when we try to recall information that is stored in _____ memory.
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long-term
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Which of the following statements is supported by research?
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Recognition is generally easier than recall.
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According to levels-of-processing theory, which of the following students should retrieve information more successfully on classroom tests?
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Irene, who attempts to relate her notes to information she already knows
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Research on flashbulb memories indicates that
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the details of these memories are not very accurate.
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When asked to describe an examination room at his doctor’s office, John seemed to do an accurate job. However, he included a framed medical degree on the wall that was not there. This is an example of:
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constructive memory
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_________ are organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored and recalled.
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Schemas
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Children’s recall of stressful personal memories
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is prone to inaccuracy to a greater extent than is true for adults.
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Memories that we believe to be real, but never actually occurred are called _____.
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false memories
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Which of the following statements is supported by research?
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Recognition is generally easier than recall.
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group of participants: night, dream, bed, quiet, pillow, snore, nightmare, blanket, alarm. The researcher then asks the participants to write down as many words as they can recall from the list. Several write down the word “sleep,” which was not on the list. This example BEST illustrat…
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constructive memory
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When Charlene arrived they asked her how she enjoyed the flight. “It was a wonderful flight, and the pilot was very good. He was able to avoid turbulence.” Charlene’s inability to remember the pilot’s gender may have been influenced by
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schemas
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Memories that we believe to be real, but never actually occurred are called _____.
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false memories
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Two years after graduating from college, Allison is trying to remember what she learned in her class on analytical chemistry. She is experiencing memory ______, caused by nonuse
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decay
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Justin’s new telephone number is 663-7589. He frequently tells people that it is 633-7589. He is puzzled as to why he keeps doing that until he realizes that the first three digits of his social security number are 633. Justin realizes that his problem is caused by:
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interference
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According to _____ theory, memory failures occur because we do not have sufficient retrieval stimuli to access information that is stored in our long-term memory.
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cue-dependent
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Which term refers to the phenomenon in which old memories can work in a forward direction to interfere with new memories?
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proactive interference
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Problems with the over-production of beta amyloid may be associated with
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Alzheimer’s disease
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An inability to store new information or to retrieve information from long-term memory (with no damage to working memory) is called
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anterograde amnesia.
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Research suggests that people who chronically abuse alcohol have a greater chance of developing _____ than those who do not drink alcohol.
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Korsakoff’s syndrome
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The _______ memory improvement technique is helpful for those learning a new language. You would pair a foreign word with a common English word that has a similar sound.
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keyword
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Students should study and rehearse material past the initial point where they have mastered it. This is called:
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over learning
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Do drugs improve memory?
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No research as shown that any commercial memory enhancers are effective.
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Following a car accident, William has little recall for information that he knew from before the accident. He does not recognize members of his family, and he does not remember where he works or what he enjoys doing. William is suffering from
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retrograde amnesia
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Research on strategies for improving memory suggests that
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less is more when it comes to taking in class
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Your text suggests that to better remember course material, you might make use of organizational aids; you might also take fewer notes but think more carefully about those you do take. These suggestions make sense when you consider:
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the more you analyze a statement the more likely you will remember
levels-of-processing theory
the benefits of elaborative rehearsal
all are correct
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Psychologists regard memory failures (i.e., forgetting) as a(n)
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adaptive function that allows the brain to work efficiently
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According to the _____ theory of forgetting, the learning of new information makes it more difficult to remember information that has already been acquired.
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interference
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According to _____ theory, memory failures occur because we do not have sufficient retrieval stimuli to access information that is stored in our long-term memory
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cue-dependent
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This is a famous anecdote about memory: A college president was a fish biologist. She memorized students’ names for a semester, and then quit doing it. She declared, “Every time I learn the name of a student, it makes me forget the name of a fish.” This demonstrates which concept in memor…
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retroactive interference
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Problems with the over-production of beta amyloid may be associated with
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Alzheimer’s disease
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Miriam has been drinking alcohol excessively for the last year, and she is showing impairments in her ability to answer questions on exams. She occasionally hallucinates, and she frequently repeats the same story to her friends. Miriam is likely suffering from
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Korsakoff’s syndrome
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PSYC 101: EXAM 1