Introduction to MicrobiologyThe Microbial World and You(Chapter 1)Lecture MaterialsforAmy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.Suffolk County Community CollegeEastern CampusPrimary Source for figures and content:Tortora, G.J. Microbiology An Introduction 8th, 9th, 10th ed. San Francisco: PearsonBenjamin Cummings, 2004, 2007, 2010.Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.1SCCC BIO244 Chapter 1 Lecture SlidesMicroorganisms / Microbes:-typically unicellular-too small to see with unaided eye-include:bacteria & archaeafungiprotozoaalgaeviruses-located almost everywhere-only a small % are pathogens-most involved in environmental /ecosystem balance:*breakdown waste*fix nitrogen*photosynthesis –foundation of food chain*digestion in animals*vitamin productionAmy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.2SCCC BIO244 Chapter 1 Lecture SlidesOrgansism Nomenclature-established by Carolus Linnaeus (1735)-latinized-each organism has unique two partgenus species name:e.g. Escherichia coli-written in italics or underlined-genus with capital first letter-species/specific epithet all lowercase-after first use in documents canabbreviate genus: E. coli-name often describes organism: shape, habitat, name of discoverer, etc.Microbial Groups(on handout)Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.3SCCC BIO244 Chapter 1 Lecture SlidesBacteriawww.dph.state.ct.us/ BRS/food/bacteria.JPGAmy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.4SCCC BIO244 Chapter 1 Lecture SlidesArchaeaartedi.ebc.uu.se/ molev/resarch/img/rolf.jpghttp://www.ftns.wau.nl/micr/bacgen/jwalther/www.windows.ucar.edu/http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/1999/091699/archaea.jpegAmy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.5SCCC BIO244 Chapter 1 Lecture SlidesFungihttp://www.scienceclarified.com/Ex-Ga/Fungi.htmlhttp://images.agblog.com/workparty/fungiAmy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.6SCCC BIO244 Chapter 1 Lecture SlidesProtozoaAmy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.7SCCC BIO244 Chapter 1 Lecture Slideswww.nmm.ac.uk/upload/img/136361-PW-NT.jpgwww.microscopy-uk.org.ukwww.microscopy-uk.org.ukAlgaewww.microscopy-uk.org.ukwww.microscopy-uk.org.ukwww.microscopy-uk.org.ukAmy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.8SCCC BIO244 Chapter 1 Lecture SlidesVirusesAmy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.9SCCC BIO244 Chapter 1 Lecture SlidesBrief History of Microbiology(on handout)1665 Hooke-developed first microscope-observed smallest units of life,calls them cells-proposed cell theory:all living things are composed of cells1673-1723 van Leeuwenhoek-enhanced microscope magnification-published observations of tiny live movingobjects: called them “animalcules”Scientists now interested in microbes:Where do they come from?Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.10SCCC BIO244 Chapter 1 Lecture SlidesPrevailing thoughts:Spontaneous Generation Theory: some forms of life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter1858 Virchow-Theory of Biogenesis: living cellscan only arise from living cellsGreat debates & Experiments to prove both sides continueAmy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.11SCCC BIO244 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides1861 Pasteur-demonstrates microbes in air can contaminate sterile solutions but air cannotgive rise to microbes: no spontaneous generation-microbes present on all non-living matter-microbes can be killed by heat-methods can block access of microbes to sterilized medium: aseptic technique-sick wine problem: establishes link between activity of a microbe and specificchange in organic material:Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.12SCCC BIO244 Chapter 1 Lecture Slidessugar + yeast = alcohol (wine)sugar + bacteria = acid (vinegar)-invented Pasteurization: kill contamination-applied ‘microbes cause change in organics’logic to diseaseGerm Theory of Disease:microbes cause disease(prevailing thought: disease = punishment for misdeeds)Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.13SCCC BIO244 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides1860s Lister-knew physicians transmitted infections-knew phenol (carbonic acid) killed bacteria-treated surgical wounds and implements, reduced incidence of infection1876 Koch-proves Germ Theory of Disease:*Anthrax-kills livestock*isolated Bacillus anthracis from sick animals*grows B. anthracis in culture*injects culture into healthy animal*animal sick with Anthrax, dies, same B. anthracis in blood-Koch’s Postulates: experimental steps to prove a particular bacteria causes a particular diseaseAmy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.14SCCC BIO244 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides1857-1914 Golden Age of Microbiology-Establishment of Microbiology as a science-Discovery of disease agents-Discovery of role of immunity-Development of vaccines-Development of ChemotherapyVaccination:1796 Jenner-observed milkmaids who got cowpox nevergot smallpox-injected cowpox into child, child mildly ill-child never contracted cowpox or smallpox1880 Pasteur-observed bacteria grown in lab became avirulent but could produce immunity-coined the term vaccine(vacca is Latin for cow)Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.15SCCC BIO244 Chapter 1 Lecture SlidesChemotherapy = treatment of disease using chemicalsAntibiotics = chemicals produced by one microbe to kill anotherSynthetic drug = chemicals synthesized in lab to treat infections and disease1910 Ehrlich-first chemotherapy for infection-Salvarsan (arsenic) for syphilis1928 Fleming-first antibiotic-Penicillin for Staphylococcus infectionsAmy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.16SCCC BIO244 Chapter 1 Lecture SlidesEarly microbiology topics now divided into specific fields:Bacteriology : bacteria & archaeaMycology : fungiPhycology: algaeParasitology: protozoaand parasitic wormsVirology: virusesImmunology: host immunity & vaccinesRecombinant DNA Technology: insertionof genes into microbes to produce therapeuticsMicrobes and Human Welfare (Good)-Recycling vital elements (decomposition, photosynthesis, & nitrogen fixation returnC, N, O, S, and P back to food chain)-Sewage treatmentAmy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.17SCCC BIO244 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides-Bioremediation-Insect pest control-Food productionAmy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.18SCCC BIO244 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides-Commercial applications-Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering:*vaccines*therapeutics*gene therapy*agricultureMicrobes and Human Disease-Normal Microbiota = microbes that live onyou alwayssometimes good, sometimes bad*prevent pathogen colonization*produce vitamins in gut*can cause disease in new locationor immuno-compromised host-Resistance = ability to ward off diseaseAmy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.19SCCC BIO244 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides-Biofilms = attachment of microbes sometimes good, sometimes bad*protect mucosal surfaces*colonize medical implants*typically drug resistant-Infectious DiseasePathogens = microbes that have part of lifecycle in human host