Microbial Groups Bacteria Archaea Fungi Protozoa Algae Viruses (smallest and first cells) (similar to bacteria, but different walls) (mold, yeast, mushrooms) (single-celled “animals”) (single celled “plants” but many are motile) (??? Biomachines?) -unicellular -unicellular -unicellular or multicellular -unicellular -unicellular or multicellular -acellular -prokaryote, no organelles -prokaryote, no organelles -eukaryote, nucleus and organelles -eukaryote, nucleus and organelles -eukaryote, nucleus and organelles -only nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) core surrounded by capsid -cell wall = peptidogycan** -cell wall = pseudomurein** -cell wall = chitin** -either no wall, or have pellicle** -cell wall = cellulose** -surrounded by protein coat (capsid) and sometimes lipid envelope -reproduction = binary fission (asexual) -reproduction = binary fission (asexual) -reproduction = mitosis or meiosis (asexual or sexual) -reproduction = mitosis or meiosis (asexual or sexual) -reproduction = mitosis or meiosis (asexual or sexual) -reproduction = use host resources -nutrition = spectrum: organic, inorganic, photosynthesis -nutrition = spectrum: organic, inorganic, photosynthesis -nutrition = absorb organic material -nutrition = varied but most ingest organic material (“mouth”) -nutrition = photosynthesis -nutrition = use host resources -usually free living -free living -free living -free living or parasitic (needs host) -free living -obligate intracellular parasite -3 shapes common: bacillus coccus spiral -carry out unusual metabolism -usually live in extreme environments: methanogens halophiles thermophiles -usually motile: pseudopods flagella cilia (classified by motility type) -completely inert outside host: is it alive? **All cellular organisms are surrounded by a lipid-based cell or plasma membrane, which functions to separate the cellular components from the environment. Cell walls or pellicles are located outside of this plasma membrane and generally function to give a cell shape and resistance to osmotic lysis. Animals, like humans, have no cell walls: if you did you would be stiff like a tree! Presence or absence of walls depends on the type of cell, but it is not a cell without a membrane. Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.1SCCC BIO244 Chapter 1 HandoutBrief History Of Microbiology 1665 Robert Hooke: first microscope, “cells”, cell theory 1673-1723 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek: “animalcules” Spontaneous Generation Theory 1858 Rudolf Virchow: Theory of Biogenesis 1861 Louis Pasteur: “S” neck flask experiment → no spontaneous generation Father of aseptic technique Inventor of Pasteurization (France, sick wine) Link microbe activity to change in organic matter Germ Theory of Disease 1860s Joseph Lister: aseptic surgery (phenol) 1876 Robert Koch: First proof that microbes cause disease (Anthrax) Koch’s Postulates 1857-1914 Golden Age of Microbiology (begun thanks to Pasteur and Koch) Establishment of microbiology as a science Discovery of disease agents Discovery of role of immunity in cure of disease Development of vaccines Development of chemotherapy Vaccination: 1796 Edward Jenner: first Western vaccine (smallpox) 1880 Louis Pasteur: avirulent stains → vaccine (vacca = cow) Chemotherapy: (synthetic = made in lab, antibiotic = made by microbe) 1910 Paul Ehrlich: first chemotherapy (Salvarsan for syphilis) 1928 Alexander Fleming: first antibiotic (Penicillin) Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.2SCCC BIO244 Chapter 1