Principles of BiologyGreen PlantsSlide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Pigments of LeavesSlide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16CalculationsSlide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Distances of Bands from SpotCalculation of Rf ValuesThe EndPrinciples of BiologyByFrank H. Osborne, Ph. D.Lab 5 - Green Plant IGreen PlantsA. The part above the ground is the shoot. 1. The shoot has a stem. 2. Leaves are attached to the stem. 3. The point of attachment is called a node. 4. The part of the stem between the two nodes is called an internode. 5. Cotyledons from the seed used to be attached at the node below the first pair of leaves.Bean Plant germinationSeed LeavesCotyledonsGrowing Bean PlantTrifoliate LeafApical MeristemFirst InternodeCotyledon Attachment ScarSecond InternodeGrowing Bean PlantsGreen PlantsB. Bean Plant Leaves 1. The first pair of leaves. a. The first pair of leaves used to be part of the embryo in the seed. b. The embryonic leaves of the bean are heart-shaped.Green PlantsB. Bean Plant Leaves 2. Other leaves of the bean plant. a. Leaves, other than the embryonic leaves are formed by the shoot tip meristem. b. These leaves are trifoliate and have three leaflets.Pigments of LeavesA. Leaves of green plants contain pigments. 1. Carotene a. Carotene is yellow. b. Carotene is very soluble in organic solvents but not very soluble in water.Pigments of LeavesA. Leaves of green plants contain pigments.2. Xanthophyll a. Xanthophyll is grey to yellow in color. b. It is equally soluble in water and organic solvents.Pigments of LeavesA. Leaves of green plants contain pigments. 3. Chlorophyll a a. Chlorophyll a is dark blue-green. b. Chlorophyll a is more soluble in water than it is in organic solvents.Pigments of LeavesA. Leaves of green plants contain pigments.4. Chlorophyll b a. Chlorophyll b is light yellow-green color. b. Chlorophyll b is more soluble in water than it is in organic solvents.B. Principles of Chromatography1. Special paper is used.a. The paper has water in it between the fibers (aqueous phase)b. A spot of concentrated pigments is put at the bottom of the paper.2. The paper is placed in solvent. a. The solvent is the organic phase. b. The organic phase (solvent) travels up the paper and carries the pigments with it.2. The paper is placed in solvent. a. The solvent is the organic phase. b. The organic phase (solvent) travels up the paper and carries the pigments with it.3. Pigments travel at different rates depending on their solubilities. a. Carotene travels at the fastest rate because it is most soluble in organic solvent. b. Xanthophyll travels at an intermediate rate because it is equally soluble in both water and organic solvent. c. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b travel at a slow rate because they are more soluble in water.d. The rate of travel is called the ratio of fronts which is abbreviated as Rf.CalculationsA. Mark the spot with a pencil.B. Form the spot.C. Run the chromatogram.D. Mark the top and bottom of each band.E. Measure the center of each band and mark it with a dot.F. Make a data table containing the distance of each band from the spot. G. Make another table for calculating the Rf values.Measuring the ChromatogramMeasuring the ChromatogramMeasuring the ChromatogramMeasuring the ChromatogramMeasuring the ChromatogramMeasuring the ChromatogramMeasuring the ChromatogramDistances of Bands from Spot Band Distance of Band from Spot (cm)Chlorophyll b 1.2 cm Chlorophyll a 3.1 cmXanthophyll 7.2 cmCarotene 11.9 cmFront 12.2 cmCalculation of Rf Values Band Calculation RfChlorophyll b 1.2 cm/12.2 cm 0.10 Chlorophyll a 3.1 cm/12.2 cm 0.25Xanthophyll 7.2 cm/12.2 cm 0.59Carotene 11.9 cm/12.2 cm 0.98The EndLab 5Green Plant
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