Principles of BiologyCells and TissuesSlide 3PLANT TISSUESSlide 5Slide 6Meristematic TissuesThe Shoot Tip MeristemThe Root Tip MeristemSlide 10Permanent TissuesOnion skin epidermisSlide 13PeridermFundamental TissuesSlide 16Parenchyma and CollenchymaSlide 18Sclerenchyma cellsSlide 20EndodermisSlide 22Vascular TissuesXylemPhloemANIMAL TISSUESSlide 27Slide 28Simple EpitheliumSlide 30Slide 31Slide 32Stratified EpitheliumSlide 34Slide 35Slide 36Connective TissueSlide 38Slide 39Loose Connective TissueSlide 41Dense Connective TissueSlide 43Slide 44Slide 45Elastic CartilageSlide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51BloodMuscleSmooth MuscleSlide 55Slide 56Striated MuscleSlide 58Slide 59Cardiac MuscleNerveNerve Tissue ArtNerve TissueThe EndPrinciples of BiologyByFrank H. Osborne, Ph. D.Cells and TissuesCells and Tissues• Living things exhibit structure and organization. The basic unit of structure and function is the cell.• Cells are organized into units containing similar cells. These are called tissues.• Different types of tissues are found in an organ. Organs are organized into units of structure called organ systems.Cells and TissuesA living creature, such as a human, is an organism containing various organ systems with their component organs.PLANT TISSUESI. Meristematic tissuesA. Shoot tipB. Root tipC. CambiumII. Permanent tissuesA. Surface tissues1. Epidermis2. PeridermPLANT TISSUESB. Fundamental tissues1. Parenchyma2. Collenchyma3. Sclerenchyma4. EndodermisC. Vascular tissues1. Xylem2. PhloemPLANT TISSUESMeristematic Tissues•Meristematic tissues have embryonic, undifferentiated cells. Undifferentiated means that these cells have not changed into other cells yet. When they do change, the process is called differentiation because the cells become different.• The shoot tip meristem is found on the end of each branch. It is protected by a bud. This meristem produces all the tissues in the branch.The Shoot Tip MeristemThe Root Tip MeristemMeristematic Tissues• The root tip meristem is found on the tip of each root. It divides and produces all the cells found in the root.• The cambium is found between the xylem (wood) and phloem (bark) of the tree. It is active only during the growing season, producing new xylem and phloem cells. This annual growth forms in rings.Permanent Tissues• Epidermis contains living cells and is found on the surfaces of young stems and leaves.• The lower epidermis of leaves contains specialized occlusive cells called guard cells that surround openings in the leaves called stomates. •The stomates permit exchange of gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen) with the air outside of the leaf. The guard cells prevent loss of water.Onion skin epidermisLow Power (100x) High Power (400x)Permanent Tissues• Periderm contains non-living cells that have thick secondary walls. The walls are made waterproof with a material called suberin.• Periderm tissue replaces epidermis on older stems of the plant. It prevents loss of water.PeridermFundamental Tissues• Parenchyma contains living cells that are capable of cell division. It is the least specialized of the plant tissues. These cells have thin primary walls. Parenchyma is used as a filler tissue in such plant structures as corn stalks.Fundamental Tissues• Collenchyma cells are usually alive. They have cell wall material that is deposited in the corners giving them a characteristic microscopic appearance. It serves as a support tissue in certain types of stems.Parenchyma and CollenchymaFundamental Tissues• Schlerenchyma cells are dead. They have thick secondary walls. –Fibers are very long with thick walls and very small lumens. They provide vertical support structure in stems.–Sclereids are also dead. They have thick walls with very tiny interior spaces. They are parts of such plant structures as peach pits.Sclerenchyma cells Sclerenchyma fibers SclereidsFundamental Tissues• Endodermis is a layer of living cells found in the root. It has a waterproofing layer known as the Casparian strip containing lignin and suberin.• The plant uses the endodermis to regulate what materials enter the plant and are transported up to the stem and leaves.EndodermisEndodermisVascular TissuesVascular tissues are specialized transport tissues. There are two kinds: xylem and phloem.• Xylem cells are dead. Xylem transports water and nutrients upward in the plant.• Phloem has living cells. Phloem cells come in pairs, the sieve tube and the companion cell. The sieve tube transports conducts materials both upwards and downwards in the plant. Phloem is the major component of the bark of the tree.XylemPhloemANIMAL TISSUESI. EpitheliumA. Simple epithelium1. Simple squamous epithelium2. Simple cuboidal epithelium3. Simple columnar epitheliumB. Stratified epithelium1. Stratified squamous epithelium2. Stratified cuboidal epithelium3. Stratified columnar epitheliumANIMAL TISSUESII. Connective tissueA. Tissues that connect body structures1. Loose connective tissue (areolar)2. Dense connective tissue3. Adipose (fat) tissue4. CartilageB. BoneC. Vascular tissue1. Blood2. LymphANIMAL TISSUESIII. MuscleA. Smooth muscleB. Striated muscleC. Cardiac muscleIV. NerveSimple EpitheliumSimple epithelium always contains a single layer of cells attached to a membrane. As this membrane is underneath the cells, it is called the basement membrane. There are three kinds of epithelium that differ in their shapes.Simple EpitheliumSimple Squamous Epithelium"Squamous" means flat. Simple squamous epithelium contains a single layer of flat cells attached to a basement membrane. An example is peritoneum, the tissue that surrounds and suspends the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity.Simple EpitheliumSimple Cuboidal Epithelium"Cuboidal" means having the shape of a cube. This tissue contains a single layer of cube-shaped cells on a basement membrane. An example of this type of tissue is the lining of the collecting duct in the kidney.Simple EpitheliumSimple Columnar Epithelium"Columnar" means that the cells are tall like columns. This tissue contains a single layer of tall cells on a basement membrane. An example of this type of tissue is the intestinal lining.Stratified Epithelium"Stratified" means that the cells of the tissues are found in layers. All three types of stratified epithelium start out as several layers of cuboidal cells on a basement membrane. The other layers