Study Guide for Exam 2 Dr. Osborne I. Nutrition A Geneml Considerations 1. Autotrophic organisms make their own food. 2. Heterotrophic organisms must obtain food from other sources. B. Plant Nutrition . 1. Roots a. anchorage for the plant b. absoIption ofwater and rnineIa1s 2. Nutrients RequiRld a. CHOPKNS CaFe Mg b. CO, is the raw material for glucose-it comes from the air c. H20 is used for photosynthesis and water balance and contains minerals 3. Fungi are not plants. They are heterotrophic. a. Saprophytic fungi use·dead organic material. b. Parasitic fungi. use Jiving organic material. C. Animal Nutrition 1. Herbivores eat plants. 2. Carnivores eat animals•. 3. Omnivores eat both plants and animals. D. Human Nutrition 1. Carbohydrates a.. Provide energy and roughage b. Examples are sugars and starch 2. Proteins a. Used for body structures b. Examples are meat and eggs . c. Vegetarians can obtain protein from vegetables d. Amino acids· i. "Essential-ones must be provided in the diet ii. "Non-essential' ones can be made by the body 3. Lipids a. Provide enerRY b. Examples are fits and oils c. Also include phospholipids and steroids 4. V"rtamins a. 0Ipnic molecules used by enzymes b. Mist be provided in the diet c. Cannot be made by the body S. Minerals L' Inorganic ions ofvarious metals b. Used by enzymes for proper fimetion( ! .. 2 n. Digestion A General Considerations 1. Organisms that can absorb food do not need to digestit. 2. An inComplete digestive tract has one opening; a complete system has two openings. 3. Large food particles require two phases. a. Mechanical digestion increases the surface area ofthe particles by making.them smaJ1er b. Chemical digestion is used to hydrolyze polymen such as starch, disaccharides, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. B. Human Nutrition 1. General Considerations a. The digestive tract is a series ofglands and organs separated by llphincters. b. Only the mouth, stomach and smaD intestine have digestiOIL c. There is an enzyme for each nutrient that can be digested. 2. Mouth . L Contains the teeth, tongue and salivary glands b. Functions . i. Chewing food which is mechanical digestion ii. Digestion ofstarch by salivuy amylase (ptyalin) 3. Esophagus a. Passageway to stomach b. No digestion occurs here c. Ends at the cardiac sphincter 4. Stomach L Closed offby cardiac and pyloric sphincters b. Stimulated by gastrin; regulated by enterogastrone c. Produces pepsin and lipIse d. Performs digestion ofproteins and lipids (mts-triglycerides) e. Contains strong acid conditions S. Duodenum a. First1G-12inchesofthesmallintestine b. Secretes the hcmnones enterogastrone, secretin and pancreozymin into the bloodstream c. Receives secretions fi'om the liver and the pancreas . 6. Small Intestine L Site ordi@eltion orproteina,liplda, ~and nualeio·aoida b. Secn:tca the hOIIllOllCS cholecystokinin and c:ntcrocaiuin into the bloodstrcllm c. Has viIIi to increase surtice area for absorption i. Capillaries absorb amino acids, simple sugars and nucleotides i. LacteaJs absorb &tty acids and glycerol 7. Liver a. Stor8p ofslYCOF1 and control ofmetabolism b. Production ofbile which emulsifies fi1s c. ExcretOIy function for protein and nucleic acid metabolic waste products 8. Oall Bladder a. Storage ofbite b. Bile emulsifies fits c. Bile is released when choJecystokinin is detectedin the bloodstream 9. LaIge Intestine a. AbsoIptionotwaterandstorageofdigestive wastes b. Absorption ofminerals c. Bounded by the iIeocaecal sphincter and the IJlI1 sphincter• I 3 Ill. Respiration A. Anatomy 1. Trachea, broncbi, bronchioles, lungs 2. Lungs contain alveoli B. Gas Exchange 1. Oxygen from the atmosphere is inhaled and enters the circulatory system. 2. COzand HzO from the circulatory system enter the alveoli and are exhaled. N. Circulation A. General Considerations I. Transport systems for respiratory gases, nutrients and wastes from cells 2. Closed series ofblood vessels and the heart 3. Two divisions a. Pulmonarycirculation-rightsideofheartsendsbloodtothe lungs b. Systemiccirculation-leftsideofheartsendsblood tothe body B. Heart . I. Specialized pwnping 0Ig&ll 2. Made ofcardiac muscle 3. ControDed by paremakc:r ceDs and the autonomic nervous system 4. Atherosclerosis.can cause blockage ofcoronary arteries C. Arteries I. CaDY blood away from the heart . 2. Pubnonary arteries caIIy deoxygenated blood to the lunp 3. Systemic arteries branch offfrom the aorta 4. Arteries send blood through arterioles to the capillaries D. CapiDaries 1. Near to aD body ceDs . 2. Oxygen diffiJses from the capillaries across the moist cell membranes into the eeDs. 3. COz and HzO diffuse from the cells across the moist ceD membranes into the capillaries. 4. Blood from capillaries enters the venules in order to rctum to the heart. 5. Excess fluid is forced out into tissues by blood pressure. It is coDec:ted via the lymphatic system. . E. Veins' . 1. Veins retum blood to the heart. 2. Pulmonary veins retum oxygenated blood to the heut. 3. Systemic veins retmn blood to the inferior and superior venae cavae. 4. The hepatic portal vein transports blood from the intestines to the liver. F. Blood components 1. Red blood ccDs contain hemoglobin which carries oxygen. 2. White blood ceDs have various fimctions. 3. Antibodies are produced by lymphocytes which are attacked by the AIDS viIus. 4. Platelets are part ofthe system for blood clotting. V. . Excretion A Metabolic wastes are excreted by the kidneys. B. The nephron is the functional unit oftile kidney. C. Urine is sent from the kidneys to the bladder for storage.I ~ 4 VI. Endocrine System A· General Considera1iona 1. Endocrine glands secrete hormones (chemical'signals) directly into the bloodstream. 2. Hormones are used for long tenn control oftbe body. B. Glands 1. Adrenal glands L Located on top ofthe kidneys b. Adrenal medulla (mside layer) produces adrenalin (epinephrine) and norepinephrine c. Adrenal cortex (outside layer) i. Cortisone and hydrocortisone regulate carbohydrate lllld protein metabolism. ii. Aldosterones regulate mineral metabolism. . Di. Androgens andestrogens regulatedevelopmentofsecondmysexcharacteristics.. 2. Pituitary gland L Posterior lobe . ..I i ADH -antidiuretic hormone .. . ii. Oxytocin • causes uterine contractions during labor and stimulates milk producti1 b.