Principles of BiologyTransport in Selected OrganismsSlide 3Slide 4Transport in Vascular PlantsSlide 6Slide 7Earthworm (closed system)Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Grasshopper (open system)Human Circulatory SystemSlide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Blood CellsSlide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52How Blood ClotsSlide 54The Immune SystemSlide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59Slide 60Slide 61The Lymphatic SystemLymphatic SystemSlide 64The EndPrinciples of BiologyByFrank H. Osborne, Ph. D.Circulation and TransportTransport in Selected OrganismsCytoplasmic streaming (cyclosis)•Cytoplasmic streaming is a circulation of the cytoplasm inside the cell. It is noticeable under the microscope in plant cells.•The cells of the leaf circulate their cytoplasm pushing the chloroplasts along. It is possible to see them move.Cytoplasmic streaming (cyclosis)Transport in Selected OrganismsTransport in Vascular Plants•Xylem transports water and minerals upward from the roots.•Phloem carries nutrients to all living cells in the plant.•Phloem can transport materials both upward and downward.Transport in Vascular PlantsTransport in Selected OrganismsCirculation in the earthworm (closed system)•The earthworm has five pairs of specialized blood vessels on each side of the digestive system near the mouth.•The earthworm has a closed circulatory system because the blood is always contained within blood vessels.Transport in Selected OrganismsCirculation in the earthworm (closed system)•As the 10 pumping blood vessels contract, they push blood back toward the rear of the animal. •The blood at the rear moves forward and is circulated by the pumping vessels.Earthworm (closed system)Transport in Selected OrganismsCirculation in the grasshopper (open system)•In the grasshopper, blood is pumped forward through a main blood vessel known as the aorta.•After it is pumped forward it passes through the end of the blood vessel and into a large space inside the body cavity known as a blood sinus.Transport in Selected OrganismsCirculation in the grasshopper (open system)•The blood flows freely through the blood sinus to the rear of the animal at which point it is taken back into the blood vessel and pumped forward again.Transport in Selected OrganismsCirculation in the grasshopper (open system)•This type of circulatory system is called an open circulatory system because sometimes the blood is not found within blood vessels. Most molluscs and all arthropods have an open circulatory system.Grasshopper (open system)Human Circulatory SystemThe Heart•The heart is a specialized pumping organ.•Heart muscle can contract on its own. Specialized pacemaker cells regulate the contractions of the heart muscles. The pacemaker cells produce electrical signals that cause the heart muscles to contract.•Systole is the contraction of the heart.•Diastole is the relaxation period between heart contractions.The HeartThe HeartHuman Circulatory SystemThe Heart•Blood enters the heart through atria. The atria contract and pump the blood into the ventricles. Then the ventricles contract and pump the blood out of the heart.•The closing of the heart valves after the contractions produces the heart sounds.Human Circulatory SystemArteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis•Arteriosclerosis is a disease of old age. It is characterized by a loss of elasticity of the arteries. In older times it was known as "hardening of the arteries."•Atherosclerosis can occur at any age. It is produced as a result of the closing of the lumens of the arteries by buildup of cholesterol deposits and calcification.Human Circulatory SystemBlood vessels•Blood is carried away from the heart by arteries. They branch to form arterioles.•Blood is carried toward the heart by venules. These come together to form veins.•Between arterioles and venules are the capillaries. The capillaries are so small in diameter that blood cells pass through in single file.Blood vesselsHuman Circulatory SystemArteries•Blood is carried away from the heart by arteries. •The pulmonary arteries carry blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs. •The aorta leaves the left ventricle of the heart and carries blood to the rest of the body. The aorta is the largest blood vessel in the body. Other arteries going to the body branch from it.Human Circulatory SystemHuman Circulatory SystemHuman Circulatory System•Blood to and from the lungs is called the PULMONARY CIRCULATION.•Blood to and from the body is called the SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION. This includes all organs except the heart.•Blood to and from heart muscle tissue is the CORONARY CIRCULATION.Pulmonary circulationSystemic circulationCoronary circulationMajor arteriesArtery Target OrganL/R Carotid BrainL/R Subclavian ArmsL/R Renal KidneysL/R Iliac LegsMesenteric IntestinesHepatic LiverCoronary HeartMajor arteriesHuman Circulatory SystemVeins•Veins carry blood back to the heart.•Veins contain valves to prevent the blood from flowing backward in them.•The pulmonary veins leave the lungs and go to the left atrium. All other veins enter the right atrium through the inferior and superior venae cavae with one exception, the hepatic portal vein.Human Circulatory SystemVeins•The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the intestines to the liver. This enables the liver to remove all of the nutrients from digestion before the blood is sent to other parts of the body.•The blood leaves the liver and returns to the heart via the hepatic vein and the inferior vena cava.Major veinsMajor veinsTo superior vena cava Origin Jugular from brain Subclavian from armsTo inferior vena cava Renal from kidneys Iliac from legs hepatic from liverOther: hepatic portal from intestines to liverHepatic portal circulationHuman Circulatory SystemBlood•Blood is a solution of plasma and cells. •Plasma is 92% liquid and 8% solids. •Plasma contains water, ions, proteins, nitrogenous wastes (such as creatinine, urea and uric acid), glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, gases and hormones. •Blood is slightly alkaline with a pH of 7.4.Human Circulatory SystemPathway of the blood•Blood leaves the heart and travels to one or more arteries that branch into smaller arteries and finally