Principles of BiologyThe Scientific MethodDemonstration of Scientific MethodSlide 4How a Goldfish BreathesSlide 6Slide 7Relationship of Breathing to Water TemperatureHow to Report ResultsSlide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Plotting the GraphSlide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28The EndPrinciples of BiologyByFrank H. Osborne, Ph. D.Lab 1 - Scientific MethodThe Scientific MethodA. Something is observed to occur.B. An explanation is proposed. This is called a hypothesis.C. An experiment is made to test the hypothesis.D. The results of the experiment are analyzed.E. The hypothesis is either supported or disproved.Demonstration of Scientific MethodA. The relationship of the breathing rate of a goldfish to the temperature of the water in which the fish is located can be tested.B. In an experiment, everything is supposed to be constant with the exception of one variable.C. One fish is experimental. Its temperature is changed from 9° to 27°C.D. Another fish is the control. Its temperature is held constant at 15°C.Demonstration of Scientific MethodE. Nothing else is allowed to change. For this reason, after the temperature of the water is adjusted, any water above the top of the tape on the jar is removed.How a Goldfish BreathesA. The gills1. The goldfish uses gills to breathe.2. It has to pump water over the gills constantly to breathe.3. The gills are inside of the body of the fish so they cannot be seen.How a Goldfish Breathes1. The fish takes in water through its mouth.2. The fish closes its mouth3. The fish forces the water over the gills.4. The water exits the body of the fish under the operculum which covers the gills.How a Goldfish BreathesRelationship of Breathing to Water Temperature1. Fish are called "cold blooded" because the speed of their body functions depends on the temperature.2. A cold fish functions slower than a warm fish.3. Therefore, the breathing rate will be slow in cold water and will increase as the temperature of the water is increased.How to Report ResultsGraphs1. The graph is a picture of the data.2. A graph has two axes.a. The x-axis is horizontalb. The y-axis is vertical.How to Report ResultsGraphsWe only use the upper right quadrant so our graph will look like an L-shape.How to Report ResultsData1. Data are always found in a data table.2. The data that you count are the dependent variables of the data table. They are plotted on the y-axis.How to Report ResultsData3. The data that are measured (like time or temperature) are the independent variable. It is usually printed across the top of the data table. They are plotted on the x-axis.Plotting the Graph1. Mark the x-axis with an appropriate scale for temperatures.2. Label the x-axis with TEMPERATURE and put the units used to measure the temperature in parentheses (°C).Plotting the Graph3. Mark the y-axis with an appropriate scale for counts per minute.4. Label the y-axis with AVERAGE RATE OF MOTION and the units used to measure it (cpm).Plotting the Graph5. At the top of the graph write a title, such as RELATIONSHIP OF BREATHING RATE OF GOLDFISH TO TEMPERATURE.How to Report ResultsPlotting the Graph6. In the lower right corner of the graph make a KEY that tells which line belongs to which group of averages.How to Report ResultsPlotting the Grapha. Use different colored pencils to represent the lines on the graph and in the KEY.How to Report ResultsPlotting the Graphb. Or, use one color pencil and different types of lines for the graph and the KEY.How to Report ResultsPlotting the Graphc. Or, or use symbols that are connected with lines for the graph and the KEY.The graph as it appears so far.Plotting the Graph1. Using a calculator, compute the average of the counts per minute.2. Plot points on the graph for the oral movements of the experimental fish.3. Using a ruler, connect the points.4. Repeat this for the opercular movements of the experimental fish.Appearance after Experimental ResultsPlotting the GraphPlotting the Graph5. For the control fish, remember that the first measurement was made when the experimental fish was at 9°C and the final measurement was made when the water temperature of the experimental fish was 27°C.Plotting the GraphTherefore, plot the followingtrial 1 on the 9°C linetrial 2 on the 12°C linetrial 3 on the 15°C linetrial 4 on the 18°C linetrial 5 on the 21°C linetrial 6 on the 24°C linetrial 7 on the 27°C lineFinal appearance of the graphPlotting the GraphAdditional NotesIn science, we use numerals and symbols to represent quantities and measurements. Thus, we write 9°C and do not spell out the amounts nor the units of measure. Therefore, do not write "nine degrees Celsius" out in words.Plotting the GraphAdditional NotesWhen numbers less than 10 are used, you spell them out when they are quantity but use the numerals if they are measurements. We would write, "We used four fish which were kept at 9°C." Always write out any number that is used to begin a sentence.How to Report ResultsAdditional NotesLearn the difference between its and it's. its - possessive pronoun (The goldfish takes water in through its mouth.) it's - contraction of it is. (It's about time you learned the difference.) If the words "it is" do not make sense in the sentence when you use "it's" then you are using "it's" wrong.The EndLab 1Scientific