SOCI 205 1nd Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I. Introduction to Crime and Social DevianceOutline of Current Lecture II. What is deviance?III. Deviance and Social ControlIV. Strain TheoryV. Symbolic InteractionistVI. CrimeVII. Crime ReductionCurrent Lecture- What is Social Deviance?o Any transgression of socially established norms Minor transgressions of these norms can be described as informal deviance Formal deviance or crime involves the violation of laws- Deviance and Social Controlo Social cohesion refers to the way people form social bonds, relate to each other, and get along on a day-to-day basis.o Emile Durkheim theorized that social cohesion is established either through: Mechanical Solidarity based on the sameness of society’s parts or members. Organic Solidarity based on interdependence of specialized parts or members.o Punitive justice is focused on making the violator suffer and thus defining the boundaries of acceptable behavior.o Rehabilitative justice examines the specific circumstances of an individual transgressor and attempts to find ways to rehabilitate him or her.o Social Control The set of mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals.o Normative Compliance The act of abiding by society’s norms or simply following the rules of group life.o Informal Social Sanctions:These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Are unspoken rules and expectations about people’s behavior. Help maintain a base level of order and cohesion in society and form a foundation for formal social control.- Strain Theoryo Robert Merton’s strain theory argues that deviance occurs when a society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goalso Conformists accept the goals of the society and the means of achieving those goals.o Innovators accept the goals of the society, but they look for new, or innovative, ways of achieving those goals.o Ritualists aren’t interested in the goals of the society, but they do accept the means of achieving those goals.o Retreatists don’t accept the goals of the society or the means of achieving those goals.o Rebels don’t accept the goals of the society or the means of achieving those goals, so they create their own goals using new means.- Symbolic Interactionisto Symbolic interactionists take a micro view of society, examining the beliefs and assumptions people bring to their everyday interactions to find the causes or explanations for deviance.o Labeling Theory People see how they are labeled and accept the label as being “true.” People behave the way that they think someone with their label should behave.o Primary deviance the first act of rule breaking, which may result in the rule breaker being labeled “deviant” and thus influence how people think about and act toward him or her.o Secondary deviance refers to acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of a person’s new, deviant label.o Stigma Negative social label that changes your behavior toward a person; also changes that person’s self-concept and social identity Has serious consequences in terms of the opportunities made available – or rather, not made available – to people in a stigmatized groupo Broken Window Theory of Deviance (Zimbardo): Explains how social context and social cues impact the way individuals act People who wouldn’t exhibit a certain behavior in one social context might do so in another context where the behavior seems more permissible.- Crimeo Street Crime – refers to crime committed in public and is often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty.o White-Collar Crime – committed by a professional against a corporation, agency, or other business.o Corporate Crime – type of white-collar crime committed by the officers or executives of a company.o It can be difficult to measure crime rates over time for a variety of reasons: Changes in how crimes are defined Fluctuations in whether people report crimes In the case of murders, improvements in medical technology- Crime Reductiono Deterrence Theory is a philosophy of criminal justice based on the notion that crime results from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits.o Recidivism occurs when a person who has been involved in the criminal justice system reverts back to criminal behavior.o Since the 1970s, there has been a change from a more rehabilitative sense of justice to a more punitive one in the U.S. This is evidenced by historically high rates of