The Respiratory System – Physiology Chapter 13Physiology 13.1 NotesVocab:- Upper Respiratory Tract: organs in the face/neck- Pharynx: throat- Vocal Folds: pair of cords across laryngeal opening, produces tone/voice.- Larynx: voice box (adams apple)- Lower Respiratory Tract: organs within the thoracic cavity- Conduction Zone = trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles- Respiratory Zone = respiratory bronchioles + alveoli- Trachea: connects larynx to bronchi- Hilium: site of entry or exit for nerves, blood vessels, where bronchi enters lungs - Pleura: a membrane covering the lung that allows it to expand/contract and stick without tearing tissues.- Pleurisy: inflammation of covering of lungs, painful breathing- Alveoli Sac: ends of terminal bronchiole, where gases are exchanged in respiratory zoneNotes:- Upper respiratory tract consists of the nose, pharynx and larynx, is the conducting zone of respiratory system- Nose warms, filters and moistens incoming air. o Filtering is done by coarse hairs in the nostrils while mucus of nasal passages trapsmaller particles- Pharynx has 3 partso Internal Nares = opening in the back of nasal passagewayo Nasopharynx = upper throat between nose and throat. Closes for swallowing, opens for breathingo Uvulva = flab of tissue that contracts when touched by solids, an automatic response when swallowing.o Auditory Tubes = link upper throat with middle ear.o Laryngopharynx = one opening leads to larynx/respiration and other to esophagus/digestive system.- Larynx is made of cartilage and holds the respiratory tract open.o Made of 9 pieces of cartilage. o Epiglottis = opening to lower respiratory tract/windpipe.o Vocal Folds = 2 folds vibrates when air moves past them and are held in place by elastic ligaments. - Lower respiratory tract is the respiratory zone of system- Conduction Zone = trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles- Respiratory Zone = respiratory bronchioles + alveoli- Branches off like an upside down tree = Trachea  Primary Bronchi  Secondary Bronchi  Tertiary Bronchi  Bronchioles  Terminal Bronchioles- Trachea connects larynx to bronchio Is wide and held open by cartilage so that it doesn’t collapse.o Is flexible and allows esophagus to wiggle when swallowing food.- Primary Bronchi branches off trachea into each lung. Which divide into secondary bronchionce inside the lung. Separates into even smaller tertiary bronchi.o Cartilage is now replaced with smooth muscle.o Less and less filtering of mucuous membranes or cilia for pathogens.o Chemical epinephrine helps lungs function properly, can be inhaled for asthmatics,released when exercising.- Lungs are not identical (right fatter, left thinner). Hilium is entry point for bronchi tubes and blood vessels, nerves.o Lungs covered by Pleura to allow for expansion + contraction - When terminal bronchioles becomes alveoli, gases are exchanged in respiratory zone in the bunch of grapes with vines.o A pulmonary arteriole + pulmonary venule connects to each segment.o Oxygen + CO2 diffuse in alveoli through extremely thin cell walls. o Septal Cells = provides lubricant and moist atmosphere for diffusion of gasesPhysiology 13.2 NotesVocab:- Chemoreceptors: sensory receptors that detect changes in levels of chemicals like CO2Notes:- Inhalation is governed by muscular contractions but exhalation just needs to relax.o Inhalation = Diaphragm contracts, flattening out, pulling lungs down and changing air pressure to push air into lungs. Ribs also raise. o Exhalation = diaphragm relaxes and air is pushed out to equalize internal + external air pressure o Drowning is when water cannot be removed from lungs and has too little oxygen todiffuse into blood. - Breathing rate governed by Medulla and Pons in the brainstem.o Resting Rate = normal day-in day-out breathing rate.o Can be overridden by higher brain functions. Body also senses levels of CO2 in body and adjusts breathing rate to expel it. Physiology 13.3 NotesVocab:- Internal Respiration: exchange of gases between bodily capillaries + tissues/cells- External Respiration: the exchange of gases between air + blood in capillaries in alveoliNotes:- External Respiration aims to expel CO2 and secure Oxygen.- Gases diffuse into blood because Dalton’s Law states that diffusion occurs with gases from high gradients to low gradients.- Internal Respiration transports oxygen to bodily cells and takes carbon dioxide (wastes) created by cellular respiration away.Physiology 13.4 NotesVocab:- Carbaminohemoglobin: when CO2 binds to protein portion of hemoglobin- Oxyhemoglobin: hemoglobin molecule with at least one oxygen molecule bound to ironNotes:- Hemoglobin molecule carries oxygen in blood and is carried out with bonds to iron atoms.o Oxygen binds to iron in hemoglobin when partial pressure of oxygen is high, pH is high and temperature is low. o CO2 binds to protein portion of hemoglobin, forming carbaminohemoglobin.o Hemoglobin is almost purple when deoxygenated, but crimson when oxygenated (oxy-hemoglobin)Physiology 13.5 Notes- Upper respiratory tract susceptible to infections and inflammation.o Sinusitis = swelling of sinuses and mucus production increases. Can be acute (short term) or chronic (long term).o Otitis Media = ear infections, inflammation of middle ear, fills it with fluid and can infect the eardrum.  Usually caused by fluids backflowing through auditory tube connection between upper throat and middle ear.- Constrictive diseases constrict airways, prevents breathingo Bronchitis: inflammation of mucus membrane lining bronchi, lumen constricts. Shown by a painful cough, can be acute or chronic.o Asthma: smooth muscle of bronchi contracts and bronchi swell, blocking passage of air. Wheezing + difficulty breathing. Can be helped by epinephrine- Obstructive diseases can cause permanent lung damageo Emphysema, cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung cancer…o Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: a combination of emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Both diminish airflow and mostly caused by pollutants/smoking.o Pneumonia: Fluids secreted and buildup in response to bacterial/viral infection.o Tuberculosis: caused by bacteria, all of coughing symptoms.o Lung Cancer: affects bronchi/alveoli, preventing gas exchange. o Cystic Fibrosis: genetic disorder that produces sticky mucus that traps bacteria and slows airflow + gas