Physiology 4.1 Notes – Cell TheoryVocab:- Cytology: the study of cells- Cytosol: liquid that makes up plasma membrane- Cytoplasm: everything but the nucleus- Organelle: membrane bound structures that are suspended in the cytosol with specialized jobs.- Prokaryotic: cells with no organelles other than genetic material. Single celled organisms (usually bacteria)- Eukaryotic: cells with distinct organelles and nucleus.Notes:- Cell Theory: all cells have similar characteristicso All living things are composed of cellso All cells come from preexisting cellso Cells have hereditary material and passes it on in cell divisiono Chemical compositions of all cells are similaro Metabolic processes important to life occur within cells- Cells have either a plasma membrane or a cell wall for plants/bacteriaPhysiology 4.2 Notes – Cell MembraneVocab:- Phospholipids: compounds that contain phosphoric + fatty acid- Glycoproteins + Glycolipids: proteins/lipids with a carbohydrate bit - Glycocalyx: layer of glycolipids/glycoproteins on the external surface of the membrane that help identify the cell- Integral Protein: proteins that provide channels in plasma membrane- Peripheral Protein: sits on outside or inside of cell membrane.- Osmosis: diffusion of water across membrane, aimed at equalizing solute concentration on both sides of the membrane.- Passive Transport: when no energy is required to move a substance across the plasma membrane- Active Transport: when energy is used to move molecules/ions against concentration gradient.- Vesicle Formation: small bubbles of phospholipids that house molecules being transported in or out of cell.- Endocytosis: when extracellular molecules are taken in via vesicle formation.- Exocytosis: removing wastes with vesicle formations from either Golgi body or lysosomes.Notes:- The cell membrane is made of 2 layers of phospholipids, arranged in a bilayer with the hydrophilic heads pointed to the aqueous environment and hydrophobic tails pointed inwards.- The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing nutrients to enter and wastes to exit.o Passive transport = filtration, diffusion, facilitated diffusiono Active movement = endocytosis/exocytosis- Cell membrane blocks aqueous solutes, so glucose + other important solutes must travel through integral/peripheral proteins- Water cannot travel through phospholipids so it goes through protein channels to ensure the cell doesn’t erupt or shrivel in hypotonic/hypertonic water. Physiology 4.3 Notes – Cell OrganellesVocab:- Cytoskeleton: internal framework of a cell. Provides shape/support for suspended organelles.- Flagella: long whip like structures that moves cells (sperm)- Cilia: shorter whips that moves extracellular liquids to help diffusion.- Ribosomes: small organelles with protein + ribosomal RNA. Synthesizes proteins- Endoplasmic Reticulum: surrounds the nucleus with rough + smooth parts. Creates vesicles filled with products for next stage of processing. o Rough: processes proteins synthesized by ribosomes. o Smooth: synthesizes fatty acids + steroid hormones. - Golgi Body: attached to SER, helps package lipids + proteins to be transported. - Lysosomes: chemical packs produced in the Golgi that have hydrolytic enzymes that decompose molecules. - Hydrolytic Enzymes: strong proteins that decompose molecules by splitting bonds- Nucleus: stores the cell’s genetic material. Covered by its own double phospholipids layer with nuclear pores. o Nuclear Pores: allows molecules to enter/exit.- Transcription: process of creating RNA copies of DNA. - Mitochondria: converts digested nutrients into usable ATP. Notes:- DNA is housed in the nucleus and is read by RNA. RNA makes the perfect impression of the DNAand leaves the nucleus to be read by ribosomes to produce protein.- Mitochondrion use up oxygen in cellular respiration to produce ATP + carbon dioxide. Breaks down glucose in complicated steps to produce ATP.- Mitochondrion have their own DNA to create own proteins, inherited in women’s eggs and can replicate when cells need more ATP.Physiology 4.4 Notes:Vocab:- Hormones: compounds secreted that generate change over long distances via bloodflow.- Paracrines: local hormones that release neurotransmitters- Apoptosis: cells dying and dismantling themselvesNotes:- Cells must communicate to function as a tissue. - Cells communicate about timing of cell division, health of cells and status of external environment.- Cells communicate in 3 wayso Long distance = circulation of hormones to alter distant cellso Within vicinity = paracrines sending info quickly into space between cells.o Instantaneous = physical communication through gap junctions for instant