The Immune + Lymphatic System Physiology 9.1 NotesVocab:- Pathogen: agent that produces diseases- Interferon: protein produced by virally infected cells that influences other cells to respond to the same viral infection- Phagocytes: immune system cells that engulf pathogens- General Adaptation Syndrome: series of predictable responses to stressors Notes:- A stressor is any factor that causes stress. Pathogens cause disease and can be viral or bacterial.- Immune system made of 3 lines of defense, innate, nonspecific, acquired (specific). Innate + nonspecific present at birtho Innate Immunity = the cutaneous membrane (skin) and mucus membrane Epidermis, mucus, stomach acids, tears, saliva, urine, vomit…o Nonspecific Immunity = a general set of internal pathogen fighting responses.  Anti-microbial proteins (like interferon), fever, inflammation, phagocyteso Specific Immunity = any mechanism that interacts with wbc, antibodies, macrophages todefend and counterattack against stressors.- Stressors can halt routine bodily functions in order to stop the spread of infections- General Adaptation Response has 3 stages to reactions, alarm, resistance, exhaustiono Alarm Stage = sudden rush of adrenaline initiated by autonomic NS and sympathetic NS (a fight or flight response)o Resistance Stage = response to prolonged stress, body concentrates on surviving the stress and less on evading it. Lasts until energy reserves are depleted or stressor is removed Person will be fatigued and brain will consume much glucose.  Skeletal muscles and lipids broken downo Exhaustion Phase = death through organ failure and general system shutdown due to the body’s inability to maintain such extreme physiological conditions.  Muscles may fail and energy reserves would be depleted- PTSD is a type of stress reaction that is very prolonged, victims are unable to concentrate and have to be treated with drugs/therapyPhysiology 9.2 NotesVocab:- Epidermis: outermost nonvascular layer of skin- Dermis: underlying connective tissue/skin with blood vessels- Melanocytes: cells that produce melanin in skin- Nociceptors: non adapting pain receptors within skin- Follicle: small cavity where hair originates- Keratinized: to be filled with keratin and therefore waxyNotes:- Skin and mucous membranes both act as first lines of defense, a physical barrier.o Protects the body from drying out and prevents entry of microbes.o Serves has sensor receptors for the environment (temp/pressure)o Reproduce by pushing the daughter cells upward away from blood vessels in upper dermis, at the top is dead cells.- Keratin that coats the epidermis is waterproof and deters bacteria- Dermal acts as source of nutrition for epidermal cells.o Full of blood supply and nerve networks. o Hair/nails originate from dermis. o Contains pain receptors that do not adapt for survival purposes- Oil glands are found in hair follicles and is secreted to keep skin moisture- Skin also helps regulate temperature for homeostasis with sweat glandso Found all over body where there is no hair. o Caused by blood vessels dilating to rising internal temperatures. When blood spreads heat near skin, flows back to heart cooler- Hair serves as insulators and protects body openings. - Nails protects the ends of fingers/toes from environmental damage- Mucus lines all membranes/tracts that helps wash out bacteria. - Chemical barriers such as sebum or lysozyme can defeat pathogenso Lysozyme = found in tears/salivao Gastric Juices = very acidic and harms bacteriaPhysiology 9.3 NotesVocab:- Complement Reaction: an assembly of various proteins that impale bacteria when it is identified and allows osmosis to let water in and destroy the chemistry.- Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC): method of recognizing self from non-self on the surfaces of cells- Interferon: spreads news of a viral infection so cells are braced- Pyrogen: a protein that sets the body to a higher temperature to harm pathogens.- Inflammation: a localized fever that has all its effects in smaller area.Notes:- Second layer of defense labeled nonspecific because defense system destroys without recognizing the pathogen. Includes anti-microbial proteins, fever, inflammation, phagocytes.o Against bacterium, a complement reaction will kill pathogenso Against viruses, interferon’s are used to isolate pathogens- Fevers are caused by pyrogens to harm pathogens.o Fevers aid defensive mechanisms by raising metabolic rate and would push everything to work faster. - Inflammation is localized version of fevers and also increases enzymatic processes (swelling, redness, heat)o Caused by prostaglandins that trigger inflammations. - Phagocytes are nonspecific defense mechanisms that eats pathogens. Routinely sweeps bloodstream/tissues for dead or foreign cells nonspecifically.o Microphages = small, in nervous systemo Macrophages = large, actively patrolling cells. Physiology 9.4 NotesVocab:- Lymphatic System: tissues/vessels/organs that produce/transport and store cells that fight infections- Interstices: small fluid-filled spaces between tissues- Lymph Nodes: small glands that filter large volumes of lymph all over body.- Lymphocytes: white blood cells that patrol body and fight off infections- Stem Cells: undifferentiated cells that divide and specialize into function cells- Immunization: process of stimulating resistance to specific diseases through exposure to a nonpathogenic form of the disease-causing organism.- Antibodies: proteins produced by lymphocytes directed against specific pathogens.Notes:- Third line of defense has most specific immune response. Gained through experience.- Lymphatic system made of lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic organs/tissues.o Touches most of the body and helps transportation/homeostatic processes- Lymph nodes are in throat, intestinal tract, and chest. Works with lymphatic tissueo Returns excess fluid from tissues into bloodstreamo Absorb fats from intestine into bloodstreamo Defend body from specific learned invaders.- All tissues are bathed in lymph, and are called interstitial fluid when found between cells.- Lymphatic Capillaries are found all over body and act parallel to circulatory system. o Has no central pump and flows thanks to squeezing of muscles. o Are flexible and made to withstand pressure. Valves prevent backflow.- Lymphatic system is filtered and cleaned in the lymph