Physiology 3.1 NotesVocab:- Element: a substance made of one type of atom that cant be broken down.- Atoms: building blocks of everything- Neutron: neutral particle inside atom’s nucleus- Proton: positive particle inside atom’s nucleus- Electron: negative particle found in orbital’s surrounding a nucleus- Mass: amount of substance in an object- Atomic Number: number of protons in an atom- Atomic Mass: Total weight of neutrons + protons in an atom, varies with isotopes- Ion: charged atoms that lost/gained valence electrons- Valence Shell: outermost electrons on the farthest orbital of an atom- Compound: a molecule of unlike atoms (H2O)- Molecule: two or more same atoms forming a chemical unit (H2)- Ionic Bonds: a strong attraction between metals and non-metals.- Covalent Bonds: more important to living tissue, where atoms share electrons to complete valence shells- Hydrogen Bonds: A polar covalent bond that involves hydrogen. Weak but strong in larger numbers. - Van Der Waals Forces: super weak and slight interactions between molecules. Occurs when there is a small attraction with molecules that have opposite charges.- Endothermic Reactions: stores energy when bond is formed (for later use)- Exothermic Reactions: expels energy when bond is formedNotes:- Most living things are made up of Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen and small quantitites of trace elements- Electrons’ negativity and “wave” theory explains why orbital’s (specific energy levels) exist.- Atoms with 1-3 valence electrons will lost it, becoming a positive ion- Atoms with 5-7 valence electrons will steal electrons to become negative ions- Atoms with 8 or 4 valence electrons are special cases.- When covalent bonds and their electrons are shared equally, then the molecule is nonpolar in charge- When covalent bond electrons (most of them) are not shared equally, then it creates a polar covalent bond. One side of the molecule will be slightly positive and negatively charged.Physiology 3.2 NotesVocab:- Hydrophilic: to love water, dissolves in it- Hydrophobic: to hate water, not soluble. (fats, oils, lipids)- Cohesive: has the ability to stick to itself- Adhesive: has the ability to stick to other surfaces.- Buffers: compounds that stabilize pH by absorbing excess H+ or OH- ions.Notes:- 6 Essential Properties of Watero Liquid at room temperature and remains so because of hydrogen bond attractions between moleculeso Can dissolve other substances and is a good solvent. Polarity of water molecules disrupt and separate other charged particles, breaking down compounds. Hydrophilic compounds separate immediately Hydrophobic compounds do noto Both cohesive and adhesive, can fill spaces by itself and line membranes for lubrication. o Has high specific heat, requires a lot of energy/heat to raise/lower its temperature. Takes 1 calorie of energy to raise temperature of 1 gram by 1 degree celcius.o Has high heat of vaporization, needs a lot of heat energy to vaporize water into gas. Helps with homeostasis regulation within body (heat circulation in bloodstream)o Ice floats. Bonds that hold water in solid state is less dense than liquid water, which is different from most other compounds- Pure water (7 on pH scale) with H+ ions added becomes more acidic. Pure water with OH- ions become more basic. - pH scales measure concentration of H+ as compared to OH- and ranges from 0-14o Higher number means more basic, vice versa.- Strong acids break apart in water and adds a lot of H+ to solution. - Strong acids or bases can harm living organisms. But when put together can become neutral again.Physiology 3.3 NotesVocab:- Functional Groups: subunit on an organic molecule that determines how it reacts to other chemicals- Glycogen Chains: body’s primary polysaccharide, made of glucose monomers.- Cellulose: polysaccharide found in plants- Glycogen: polysaccharide sugar molecule in animal tissue, a long chain of glucose molecules and stored in muscles for energy.- Carbohydrates: composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio. Most are saccharides (sugars).- Monosaccharides: simple sugars with one ring of 6 carbons, such as glucose + fructose- Disaccharides: common in human diet, such as sucrose + lactose- Polysaccharides: longer sugar chains- Saturated Fats: tightly packed in room temperatures (usually animal products)- Unsaturated Fats: messy in room temperature (plant products)- Lipids: long chain organic compounds that are hydrophobic. Have 9kcal/g- Phospholipids: fats with two fatty acids linked together to a hydrophilic head. Forms the double bilayer if it were dropped into water. - Proteins: contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and provide support, and work as enzymes within body.- Amino Acids: building blocks to protein. Each amino acid has similar structures but “side chain” area is what differentiates them.- Enzymes: serves as catalysts for biochemical reactions, facilitate reactions.- Nucleic Acids: store and process an organism’s hereditary information in the form of DNA or RNA- DNA: carries genetic information of the cell, has codes to build proteins, regulate physiological processes and maintain homeostasis.- RNA: helps regulate metabolism, produce proteins, single stranded.- ATP: powers all cellular activity and the main energy currency- Adipocytes: specialized storage centers of ATP for long term use.- ADP: molecule that forms when ATP goes through exothermic reaction to release energy by breaking one of the bonds.Notes:- Organic compounds are grouped into carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.- Water is needed to digest carbohydrates, in hydrolysis. Water helps digestive enzymes separate glucose molecules from glycogen + starch.- Humans lack enzymes to digest cellulose so it is essentially the fiber that cleans out the intestines in digestion.- Individual amino acids combine to form proteins with peptide bonds. More and more amino acids makes it a growing “polypeptide chain”.- Folding and interaction of adjacent amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein (lots of possibilitie).- Proteins = 4 levels of complexityo Primary structure: order of amino acids in a chaino Secondary structure: the formation of alpha helixes or pleated sheetso Tertiary structure: formation of helical or complex folding/coiling. Result of conflicting