The two assumptions:1. Children are born with an instinctive ability to adapt to the environment. Ex. Babies “rooting” if anything goes into their youth they will start sucking as a reflex to breast feed and get food2. These instincts become organized as baby starts to interact with their environment.What other name is evolutionary psychology known by?Be able to define the following Evolutionary psychology termsKey words:Ethology: Study of behaviors and mental traits that have adaptive value and encourage fitness,Neoteny: retention of juvenile traits,Fitness: the ability to survive and reproduce,Research methodologyName the 4 types of descriptive methods and give an example for each1. Naturalistic observation: observing people and other animals in ‘natural’ settings.a. Ex. teenagers at a rave or kids on a playground2. Case studies: Intensive investigation of 1 person or a small group (10 being the max),a. Ex.clinical study on child schizophrenia3. Surveys/self-report: people respond directly to a structured set of questions about cognitive process.a. Ex. Visual analog scale to gage a child’s emotions4.correlational studies: examine the relationship between two or more variablesa. Ex. Height and weight, or household stress and abuse levelsFSHD 117 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8Lecture 1 (August 26)Know the formal question posed by developmental scientists and the formal definitions of human development and life-span development.-How do people change from conception throughout maturity? What characteristics change and what remains stable?-Human development: Scientific study of processes of change and stability throughout the human lifespan-Life-span development: Concept of human development as a lifelong process, which can be studied scientificallyWhat are the two types of developmental change? Be able to recognize examples.-Qualitative: difficult to quantify, difficult to anticipate. Ex. At what age a baby changes from nonverbal to verbal communicationQuantitative- number or amount. Ex. Height, weight, size of vocabularyWhat are the four modern goals of child development? Be able to recognize examples.1. Describe Ex. When do children use their first words?2. Explain Influences Ex. How do children learn to use language?3. Predict Ex. Will delayed language development affect speech?4. Modify (only necessary if behavior needs modification) Ex. Can therapy help speech delays?Lecture 2 (August 28) What are the 4 interactive domains of development? Be able to recognize examples.1. Physicala. Growth of body/brainb. Sensory capacityc. Motor skills2. Cognitivea. Memories/experiencesb. Attentionc. language3. Psychosociala. Primarily deals with personality and social relationships4. Normative vs. non-normativea. Normative: influences that affect many or most people. An event or influence that is experienced the same by most. i. Ex. Puberty, having childrenb. Non-normative: Influences that occur to a small number of people. An unusual event that has a major imapact, or a typical event happening at an atypical time.i. Ex. Early puberty, disability, teenage pregnancyDefine Social Construction?-Social Construction: A concept or practice that may appear natural and obvious to thosewho accept it, but that in reality is an invention of a particular culture or society. Example: What does ‘childhood’ mean?What are the 4 contexts of development? And what have been some crucial family structure changes in the last century?The 4 contexts of development are family, socioeconomic status (SES), Culture and Race/Ethnicity, and historical context. Today we see a lot smaller urban nuclear families instead of large rural families. Also in modern society the extended family household is becoming muchmore frequent. Multigenerational households can be attributed to factors such as men and women generally marrying later and a rise in immigration. Key Terms:-Nuclear family: Two-generational kinship, economic, and household unit consisting of one or two parents and their biological children, or stepchildren-Extended family: Multi generational kinship network of parents, children, and otherrelatives, sometimes living together in an extended-family household.-Ethnic gloss: Overgeneralization about an ethnic or cultural group that obscures differences within the group-Imprinting (Konrad Lorenz): Instinctive form of learning in which, during a critical period in early development, a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees, usually the motherCritical periods: Specific time when a given event or its absence has a specific impacton developmentPlasticity: Range of modifiability of performanceSensitive Period: Times in development when a person is particularly open to certainkinds of experiencesLecture 4 (September 9) Identify and explain the 5 stages of Freud’s Psychosexual Theory and the approximate age in which they occur? Also be able to define Key terms from the section: fixation, oedipal complex, castration anxiety, and penis envy.1.Oral- Infants derive pleasure through oral activities ex. Nursing, chewing, sucking, biting approximately first year2.Anal- Pleasure derived through elimination, and acquiring control over elimination ex. Potty training 1~3 yrs3.Phallic- pleasure seeking is focused on genitals, attention becomes directed towards opposite sex parent 3~6 yrs4.Latency- the stress of phallic stage forces child into latency stage. Sexual energy is dormant while one starts to develop same-sex peer friendships 7~puberty5.Genital- final resolution of the Oedipal complex. Start re-channeling your sexual urges into mature adult sexuality adolescence~adulthoodFixation: unresolved developmental conflictsOedipal Complex- desire to be with opposite sex parentCastration Anxiety: Boys jealousy of father. Anxiety because they want to be with their mothers but recognize their father as more dominant.Penis Envy: Girls blame mother for lack of penis, needed to relate more with their father.Lecture 5 (September 11) Know and be able to explain the cognitive stage model. What are the two assumptions of this model? What are the tree stages of cognitive growth? And know the following key terms relating to the three stages: schemes, assimilation, and accommodation.The two assumptions: 1. Children are born with an instinctive ability to adapt to the environment. Ex. Babies “rooting” if anything goes into their youth they will start sucking as a reflex to