FSHD 117 1st Edition Lecture 7Outline of Last LectureI. Continue: Cognitive Stage Theory (Piaget)a. Stage 2: Adaptation1. Definition of Assimilation2. Definition of Accommodationb. Stage 3: EquilibrationII. Evolutionary Psychology (Sociobiology)a. Definition of Ethologyi. Definition of Fitness1. Definition of NeotenyIII. Research Methodologya. Naturalistic Observationa. Subject Expectancy Effectsb. Case Studiesc. Surveys/Questionnairesd. Correlational Studiesi. Positive correlationsii. Negative correlationsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Outline of Current Lecture I. Conceiving new lifea. Definition of Fertilizationb. Dominant vs. Recessive Traitsi. Gene Expression1. Definition of Genotype2. Definition of Phenotypec. Traits influenced by Heredity & Environmenti. Definition of HeredityII. Family Studiesa. Adoption Studiesb. Heredity for a trait (heritabilityc. Environmental Influence: III. 2 types of Multiple Birtha. Monozygotic (MZ)b. Dizygotic (DZ)c. Twin StudiesIV. Genetic x Environment Correlations: Demonstrate that genes and environment often reinforce each other (Plomin).a. 3 types G x E correlationsi. Passiveii. Reactive/ Evocative Correlations1. Examples: 2. Negative Feedback:3. Positive Feedback:iii. Active CorrelationsCurrent LectureV. Conceiving new lifea. Fertilization: Union of sperm & ovum to produce a single-celled zygotei. Also called conceptionb. Dominant vs. Recessive Traitsi. Gene Expression1. Genotype: Actual genetic makeup or allele combinations.2. Phenotype: Observable expression of genetic makeup3. Geno=hair; Pheno=bald, Mohawk…c. Traits influenced by Heredity & Environmenti. Heredity: If a trait has the ability to be inherited1. The trait has variation in the population.2. Trait is due to genetic influence3. Example having two arms is inherited, but not variationa. Not heritableVI. Family Studiesa. Adoption Studies: look at the similarity between unrelated individuals in same homeb. Heredity for a trait (heritability): adopted children are more like their bio-parents & -sibs on a trait.i. Example: ADHDc. Environmental Influence: Child resembles adopted parents and siblings on trait.i. Examples: languages spoken, religion, and some diet prefrencesVII. 2 types of Multiple Birtha. Monozygotic (MZ)i. One egg – one spermii. Identical twins or clonesiii. Share 100% genesb. Dizygotic (DZ)i. Two eggs – two spermsii. More commoniii. Fraternal twinsiv. Share 50% genes – just like full siblingsc. Twin Studies: a way of looking at the strength of heredityi. MZ twins separated at birth1. All differences are due to environmentii. MZ twins are highly concordant on most traits1. Example: temperamentVIII. Genetic x Environment Correlations: Demonstrate that genes and environment often reinforce each other (Plomin).a. 3 types G x E correlationsi. Passive: we share genes with our bio-parents with whom we also tend to share a physical environment. Mostly seen in early life. The children are passive and older people around them construct the environment.1. Examples: guitar playing, book reading2. Parents create environments where there are lots of instruments/ books in the house.3. Kids get a lot of practice with instruments/ reading4. But also parents pass on genes that are related to musicality/ ‘reading.’ii. Reactive/ Evocative Correlations: different aspects of genetic predispositions can create a reactive environmental situation (good or bad) Mostly seen in mid-childhood (approx. 3~10 yrs)1. Examples: 2. Negative Feedback:a. Shy child (G) encouraged to come out of their shell (E). Child=outgoingb. Negative meaning you are opposite of what your genes intend you to be3. Positive Feedback:a. Athletic child (G) encouraged to be athletic (E).i. Child = athleticb. Positive meaning you become more of what your genes intend you to beiii. Active Correlations: As we get older we seek out our own environments.1. Leads to: ‘Niche Picking’a. Readers will be more attracted to literary types.b. Wild active kids will join others like them.2. Most predominant in