FSHD 117 FA13 001-2 Lecture 6Outline of Last Lecture I. Freud’s Psychosexual Theorya. 5 Stages Modelb. Definition of fixationc. Definition of Oedipal Complexd. Definition of Castration Anxietye. Definition of Penis EnvyII. Learning Theorya. Definition of learningb. Operant Conditioningc. Reinforcementii. Definition of Social Currencyd. PunishmentIII. Piaget: Cognitive Stage Theory- 3 stages of cognitive growtha. Stage 1: OrganizationOutline of Current Lecture I. Continue: Cognitive Stage Theory (Piaget)a. Stage 2: Adaptation1. Definition of Assimilation2. Definition of Accommodationb. Stage 3: EquilibrationII. Evolutionary Psychology (Sociobiology)a. Definition of Ethologyi. Definition of Fitness1. Definition of NeotenyIII. Research MethodologyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Naturalistic Observationa. Subject Expectancy Effectsb. Case Studiesc. Surveys/Questionnairesd. Correlational Studiesi. Positive correlationsii. Negative correlationsCurrent LectureIV. Continue: Cognitive Stage Theory (Piaget)a. Stage 2: Adaptationi. Schemes change through 2 complimentary processes1. Assimilation: taking in new information and organizing it with existing information.a. Examples: 1. 4 leg scheme, 2.Stairs mean Stop!- You could fall down!, 3. I can suck everything2. Accommodation: A modification in thinking when old schemes don’t fit.a. Example 1: Stop! Stairs? –no ICE means you could fall also, Example 2: If it has 4 legs, in a pasture and moos = cow If ithas 4 legs, lives in my neighborhood and barks = dog Example 3. Going from a sippy cup to an adult cup requiresdifferent skills.b. Stage 3: Equilibration: Making a constant balance between assimilation and accommodationi. Example: I can use both a sippy cup and an adult cup they just take different movementsV. Evolutionary Psychology (Sociobiology)a. Ethology: Study of behaviors and mental traits that have adaptive value and encourage fitness.i. Fitness: the ability to survive and reproduceb. Adaptive purposes of Behavior and Traits:i. Example:1. Neoteny: retention of juvenile traits.a. Physical traits- large heads, big eyes, button noseb. Adaptiveness- engages care from adults around, which helps with survival (adaptive strategy). Protects against abuseVI. Research Methodologya. Naturalistic Observation: observing people and other animals in ‘natural’ settings.1. Teenagers at a Rave2. Children at a playground3. Field workii. Every attempt is made to be unnoticed by the subject(s).1. Why?a. Subject Expectancy Effects: Behavior is changed due to being observed.b. Case Studies: Intensive investigation of 1 person or a small group (max of 10)1. Unique condition/ trait/ event.ii. Often used clinicallyiii. Large amount of information:1. Records a. School, criminal, medical…2. Interviews, surveys, with subject and friends/relatives.iv. Example: Childhood Schizophreniac. Surveys/Questionnaires: people respond directly to a structured set of questions about cognitive process.i. Structured Response Set1. Common = likert scale 2. Scale of agree/disagreeii. Survey Example with children1. Visual analog – point to the picture that best shows how you are feelingd. Correlational studies: Examine the relationship between two or more variables. Tend to use previously gathered datai. Positive correlations: variables move in the same direction1. Examples: a. Height and weightb. Household stress and abuseii. Negative Correlations: variables move in opposite directions1. Examples:a. Children’s vocabulary and frustration levelsb. Knowledge of sex & amount of sexiii. Predictive