FSHD 117 1st Edition Lecture 8Outline of Last LectureI. Conceiving new lifea. Definition of Fertilizationb. Dominant vs. Recessive Traitsi. Gene Expression1. Definition of Genotype2. Definition of Phenotypec. Traits influenced by Heredity & Environmenti. Definition of HeredityII. Family Studiesa. Adoption Studiesb. Heredity for a trait (heritabilityc. Environmental Influence: III. 2 types of Multiple Birtha. Monozygotic (MZ)b. Dizygotic (DZ)c. Twin StudiesIV. Genetic x Environment Correlations: Demonstrate that genes and environment often reinforce each other (Plomin).a. 3 types G x E correlationsi. Passiveii. Reactive/ Evocative Correlations1. Examples: 2. Negative Feedback:3. Positive Feedback:iii. Active CorrelationsOutline of Current Lecture I. Non-Shared Environment (NE)End of Chapter 3Current Lecture Chapter 4: Birth and Physical Development (0-3yrs)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.I. 3 stages of vaginal childbirthII. Cesarean DeliveryIII. Medicated DeliveriesIV. Un-medicated Deliverya. Natural childbirthb. Definition of doulac. Prepared (Lamaze) ChildbirthV. Newborn: Size and Appearancea. Birth to 4 weeks or Neonatal/ Newborn Periodb. Weightc. Sized. Appearancei. Definition of Lanugoii. Definition of VernixVI. Body Systems:a. Prior to birthb. Breathing:i. Definition of anoxiac. Waste:Current LectureII. Non-Shared Environment (NE)a. Reflect unique environment in which each child grows up:i. Accidentsii. Illnessesiii. Unique interactions with friends or peersb. Accounts for differences among MZ twinsEnd of Chapter 3Chapter 4: Birth and Physical Development (0-3yrs)VII. 3 stages of vaginal childbirtha. First stage: the cervix dilates and a cervical plug comes out, water breaks, and contractions beginb. Second stage: active labor. Cervix is fully dilated and the mother begins pushing, ends with the child’s head completely out of the woman’s body. c. Third stage: the woman delivers the placentaVIII. Cesarean Deliverya. Surgically removing baby from uterusi. ~30% of all US birthsii. Below 15% actually need itb. Common with:i. Slow progressing laborii. First and/or large babiesiii. Older mothers (over 35)iv. Mothers with previous C-sectionsv. *request*IX. Medicated Deliveriesa. Local or regional anesthesia (~60% of women)i. Blocks pain receptors in brain (e.g, epidural)ii. Local anesthetics/ opioids include lidocaine and morphine.X. Un-medicated Deliverya. Natural childbirthi. Mother receives training in fitness, breathing, and relaxation.b. Traditional cultures – ‘doula’ women who supports the mother, very much an emotional processc. Prepared (Lamaze) Childbirthi. Mother learns to substitute feelings of pain with other responses.ii. Controlled breathingXI. Newborn: Size and Appearancea. Birth to 4 weeks or Neonatal/ Newborn Periodi. Transition to being independentb. Weighti. 5.5-10 lbs average weight (avg 7.5)ii. 1st born tends to weigh the leastc. Sizei. Boys tend to be longer and heavierii. Larger heads (1/4 their whole body length)d. Appearancei. Lanugo- the fuzzy prenatal hairii. Vernix- creamy coating for protectioniii. Mis-shaped head due to birth canaliv. Eventually the fontanels will fuse togetherXII. Body Systems:a. Prior to birth- Placenta provides oxygen, waste removal, blood cleansing, etc.b. Breathing:i. Can suffer from anoxia- lack of oxygen- causes permanent brain damage.ii. Baby usually starts breathing with exposure to air.iii. Only have 1/10th of the air sacs of adults (must breathe soon).c. Waste:i. First days/ weeks secrete meconium- greenish/black, stringy waste from the intestines.ii. The sphincter and pelvic floor muscles are NOT controlled.iii. When the bladder is full it will automatically