MasonryMajor TopicsTopics con’tHistoryMasonry DefinedMortarMortar TypesMortar Properties/Function:Mortar Basics:Mortar Joints:Types of JointsGroutBrickSolid vs. With HolesClasses of BrickBrick KilnsBrick Types/SizesFace BrickGlazed Face BrickFire BrickPaving BrickNominal vs. Actual SizeBrick Bond:PowerPoint PresentationSlide 25Slide 26Examples of BrickBrick WallsBrick Walls con’tTiesSlide 31Structural Clay TileStructural Clay TilesConcrete Masonry Unit (CMU)CMU TypesCMU Screen UnitsSurface Bonding (BlockBond)Gypsum BlockGlass BlockGlass Block con’tSlide 41Slide 42Stone ClassificationStone- General InformationStones & UsesExamples of StoneStone MasonrySlide 48Masonry RestorationMasonry Cleaning1Masonry2Major TopicsHistoryMortarGroutBrickTypesBondJointsStructural Clay TileConcrete Block (CMU)3Topics con’tMasonry PanelsGypsum BlockGlass BlockStoneStone Masonry4HistoryOne of the oldest manufactured building materialsSun-baked brick was found in the remains of structures in the Tigres-Euphrates basin as early as 6000 B.C.Romans also used thin bricks in thick mortar made of volcanic materials and lime.1633 – 1st brick buildings erected in Manhattan Island (imported from Holland & England)5Masonry DefinedAn assembly or combination of small building units made of clay, shale, concrete, glass, gypsum, or stone that are set in mortar. Masonry consists entirely or partially of hollow or solid units laid contiguously in mortar.6MortarMust conform to ASTM C2704 basic types of mortar used: M, S, N, OComposed of: portland cement, hydrated lime, sand, and waterKey to forming a strong and durable bond with masonry units7Mortar TypesTypeAvg Compressive StrengthUseM2500 psiMasonry below grade and in contact with earthS1800 psiWhere maximum flexural strength is required (winds >80 mph)N750 psiGeneral use in exposed masonry above grade; parapets, chimneys, and ext. walls subjected to severe weatheringO350 psiSolid unit load-bearing walls Where compressive strength < 100 psi8Mortar Properties/Function:Have a tendency to shrink very littleHave a high degree of resistance to moisture penetrationPossess adequate strength to resist the forces applied to itProvide aesthetic qualities to the structure through the use of color and type of joint9Mortar Basics:Brick masonry mortar made of portland cement, hydrated lime, and sand (stone masonry uses white portland cement [nonstaining].Retempering – adding water to the mortar mix to maintain consistencyMortar mix should be used within 2 – 2 ½ hours after initial mix is preparedEfflorescence – the soft white powder appearing on the face of brick; caused by salts in the brick or mortar brought to the surface10Mortar Joints:Joint sizes varyFacing brick – 3/8” to ½”Building brick – ½”Glazed brick – 1/4 “Although many types of joints exist (see Fig. 4-3, pg 82), the most weatherproof & recommended are: V-shaped, Weathered, & ConcaveJoints may be formed by using a trowel, steel rod, or specialized tools11Types of Joints12GroutThe water/cement ratio is less critical in grout than in mortar or concreteIt is intended to be very “fluid” in order to function in it’s “binding” capacity (slump of 8-11 inches)May be used to fill cavities between masonry walls (often around vertical reinforcement )13BrickMay be solid or hollow core (holes called “cells”)Cells should not exceed 25 % of the volume of the unitBricks vary in size, color, shape, and texture.14Solid vs. With HolesSolid brick used where holes may be unsightly (steps or window sills)Holes in Brick:Help units fire properlyPromote bonding with mortarReduce overall weightMake units easier to handle15Classes of BrickAdobe – sun-dried clays and a binderKiln-burned – natural sand and clay or shale (most widely used)Sand-lime – pearl-grey in color, dolomite lime is mixed with clean sand, pressed, and allowed to harden in closed vessels under steam pressureConcrete – portland cement and suitable aggregate, formed in molds16Brick KilnsBurning of brick is done in 4 stagesWater smoking: 400 °FDehydration: 300 -1800 °FOxidation: 1000 – 1800 °FVitrification: 1600 – 2400 °FFlashing (oxygen reduction)– produces different colors or color shadingCooling down – done in 2-3 days; rate of cooling will affect cracking, and color17Brick Types/SizesCommon (now called Building)Most widely usedDark orange to deep red colorMany finishes & sizes availableMeets ASTM C62 grading criteria:SW – severe weathering for exposure to heavy rainfall & freezingMW – moderate weathering for avg. moisture and minor freezingNW – Negligible weathering for exposure to moisture & freezing18Face BrickMade from clay, shale, fire clay, or a mixture, under controlled conditionsMeets ASTM C216 standardAppearance types:FBS- general use in exposed & interior walls where wide color ranges & variation in sizes are permittedFBX- used in exterior & interior walls where a high degree of mechanical perfection, narrow color range & little variation of size is requiredFBA- nonconformity in size, color, & texture19Glazed Face BrickBricks sprayed with a ceramic glaze and fired at high temperature to fuse glaze to the brickFinishes may appear dull, satin, or glossy20Fire BrickMade of clays with a large amount of alumina, silica, flint, and feldsparThese bricks are used in fireplaces, chimney stacks, incinerators, and many industrial settings21Paving BrickBricks are burned at much higher temperatures to make them resist water and wear from traffic22Nominal vs. Actual SizeUnit Nominal Dimension (in.) W x H x DActual Dimension (in.) ** W x H x DModular 4 x 2 2/3 x 8 3 5/8 x 2 ¼ x 7 5/8Utility 4 x 4 x 12 3 5/8 x 3 5/8 x 11 5/8** Note: actual dimensions may vary among manufacturers of brick – dimensions noted from Graphics Standards 2000 publication23Brick Bond:Bond – the arrangement of bricks in rows (courses).Bonds are designed for:AppearanceTo tie together a structural or outer wall (wythe) to an inner wallWythe – a vertical section of wall one brick thick24252627Examples of Brick28Brick WallsMay be bearing (supports any vertical load) or non-bearingSolid walls- 2 or more wythes bonded together by ties, headersCavity walls – 2 walls
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