General RequirementsMajor TopicsBuilding DesignConstruction Methods and Systems Based on:Building CodesCodes Usually Include:2 Types of Building Codes:Specialized Codes [see pages 14 - 22]Manufacturer’s LiteratureSweet’s CatalogTrade AssociationsExamples of Trade Associations :CSI – Construction Specifications InstituteUniform SystemCSI Programs:Manu-Spec SheetTypes of StandardsReference StandardsSome Key Organizations which Issue Reference StandardsStandards InstitutesTesting LaboratoriesBarrier-Free DesignExamples of Barriers:Properties of Materials4 Groups of Properties:3 Major Categories:Mechanical Properties:Thermal Properties:Electrical PropertiesChemical PropertiesReferences01/14/19 1General Requirements2Major TopicsBuilding DesignIndustry StandardsBuilding CodesBarrier-Free DesignProperties of Materials3Building DesignBasic PrinciplesObjectives good design strives to achieveArchitect’s responsibilities related to designBasic building use and shape typesAvailable construction systems and methods4Construction Methods and Systems Based on:Functional RequirementsCostDesired Appearance5Building Codes Provide minimum standards to safeguard life, health, property, and public welfare by regulating and controlling the design, construction, quality of materials, use and occupancy, location and maintenance of all structures within a given political jurisdiction.6Codes Usually Include:Type of constructionFunction of the structure (occupancy)Quality of materialImposed loads & allowable stressesElectrical & mechanical equipmentEmphasis on fire safety72 Types of Building Codes:Descriptive – (specification) establishes construction requirements by reference to a particular material or method.Example: exterior walls be built of 2 x 4 studs spaced 16” o.c. and covered by 1” thick board sheathing applied diagonally.Performance – doesn’t limit the selection methods & systems, but establishes requirements of performance of building elementsExample: outside wall required to support certain live and dead loads, thermal, and waterproofing requirements.8Specialized Codes [see pages 14 - 22]National codes for:Electrical (NFPA)MechanicalPlumbing9Manufacturer’s LiteratureEvaluate products represented with cautionSome literature distributed by manufacturer of product may be biased10Sweet’s CatalogProduct information is divided into divisions (16 currently but will change to 50 as developed in 2005– following the Uniform filing systemProducts from the entire US are contained in this catalogOccasionally, although a product is listed, it may not be available in all parts of the U.S.11Trade AssociationsPromote a specific trade or productPublish literature, furnish technical help, and suggest standard specifications12Examples of Trade Associations :ASHRAE – American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning EngineersNFPA – National Fire Protection AssociationACI – American Concrete InstituteCSI -- Construction Specification InstituteAPA – American Plywood Association13CSI – Construction Specifications InstituteOrganization of specification writers, architects, engineers, manufacturer’s representatives, contractors, and building officials who join together to research, standardize, and improve information related to construction.14Uniform SystemDeveloped by CSIContained 16 Divisions (revised to 50 in 2005—including Procurement)Each division contains information related to grouped materials15CSI Programs:Spec-Data SheetDivided into 10 partsProduct nameManufacturerProduct DescriptionTechnical dataInstallationAvailability & CostWarrantyMaintenanceTechnical ServicesFilling Systems16Manu-Spec SheetContains 3 partsGeneral – related work, quality assurance, unit price, delivery, and storageProducts – information on the preparation of materials prior to installationExecution – inspection, cleaning & adjusting, and protection.17Types of StandardsMaterial – define the physical propertiesProduct – define terms, classify constituent material, and state acceptable thickness, lengths, and widthsDesign – define the requirements for stability of a material, product, or system.Workmanship – stipulate how materials, products, and systems must be installedTest Method – provide the criteria for testing materials and systems.18Reference StandardsThese standards are often used in building codes in the form of “shall comply with ASTM Standard C150-84” in order to save space.Reference standards are developed by numerous organizations19Some Key Organizations which Issue Reference StandardsASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials (publish annually)ANSI – American National Standards Institute Represent the U.S. industry on technical committees of the IOS –International Organization for Standardization20Standards InstitutesNFPA – National Fire Protection AssociationNonprofit organization that publishes and distributes information on fire safety, model codes, material standards, and recommended practices.ASHRAE – American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning EngineersTest rating, offer safe practices in designing and installing HVAC systems.21Testing LaboratoriesIndependentSelected by ownerCertifies the material being tested complies (or not) with the contract documents.UL – Underwriter’s LaboratoriesNonprofit organizationThe “UL” seal of approval is granted after product is tested based on it’s intended use and passes the test. May re-test and remove label if the product fails.22Barrier-Free DesignCongress passed in 1968 – Public Law 90-480Ensures that ALL persons have access to ALL areas in a public buildingNow ANSI A117.1Often referred to as ADA design23Examples of Barriers:Door sizesHallway widthsDrinking fountainsSteps vs. rampsHardware (door opening mechanisms)24Properties of MaterialsMore than 300 new products each yearSome are made by changing formula of existing materialsOthers are “new” products – plastics have great impact on new developmentsWhether a material is “suitable” for using in a project is mainly determined by its ability to perform satisfactorily in the conditions encountered.254 Groups of