Site WorkMajor TopicsSite Plans Include:SurveysTopography or GradeEarthworkSoil TestingSoil TypesPrimary Soil Considerations:Soil Considerations con’t:Foundations and Piles3 Parts of Foundation:Common Types of Residential Foundations :Others Foundations:PilesPaving & SurfacingAsphalt1Site Work2Major TopicsSite PlansEarthworkSoilFoundations and PilesPaving and Surfacing Materials3Site Plans Include:All information shown on a surveyChanges in topography or gradeDemolition of existing constructionExact location of new construction4SurveysLegal description of a piece of landTypically done by a registered land surveyorSurveys include the boundaries and elevations of land plots and buildings (in text and drawings)5Topography or GradeContour lines show elevationCloser the contour lines are together- the steeper the slopeThis information is critical in determining how much earth must be moved to prepare site for structure being built6EarthworkInvolves some type of cut or fillThis phase of site work is referred to as “rough grading”Soil testing is usually performed7Soil Testing Identify the materials on the siteDetermine Soil densityMoisture ContentLoad-bearing capacityShear StrengthPlasticity indexAnalyze the gain size of soil particles8Soil TypesDivision Description Value as a foundation materialGravel and Gravelly SoilsWell-graded;Gravel-sand mixtures; little or no finesExcellent to goodSand and Sandy SoilsSilty sands, sand-silt mixturesFairSilts and Clays Organic silt-clay of low plasticityPoor to very poor9Primary Soil Considerations: Dewatering-Critical in sub-surface foundations (basement –earth sheltered)Open-drain (French) & gravel used to lead water awayPumps may also be used to remove excess waterCompaction – critical !! - to prevent uneven load settlement10Soil Considerations con’t:Stabilization – use various additives to adjust the properties of soilPoisoning- used to control termites * Note: certain chemicals are no longer used due to environmental concerns11Foundations and PilesFoundationAny part of the building that is below the surface of the groundProvides stability to the entire structureType of foundation used is determined by:Soil present at siteTotal load must be determined (live & dead loads)Local building codes must be referenced to determine allowable type & bearing pressure123 Parts of Foundation:Bed – the rock or soil the foundation rests uponFooting – wide section of foundation resting on bedWall – rises from footing to above the ground (may also be a column or pedestal)13Common Types of Residential Foundations :ContinuousComposed of a foundation wall & footing slabSize of footing & thickness of wall determined by building codesGrade-BeamComposed of reinforced concrete beam around perimeter which is supported by concrete piersOften used on sloping sites14Others Foundations:SpreadDistribute the load so the load per sq. ft. will not exceed the bearing capacity of soilMay be flat, stepped, or sloped in designMatHeavily reinforced concrete slab under entire buildingSometimes called a “floating foundation”CaissonsUsed when rock or suitable soil is deep below the surface15PilesSlender structural unit which transmits loads undergroundTypes includeWood (Venice)Structural Steel HPre-cast ConcreteCast-in-place ConcreteComposite (combines wood & concrete)16Paving & SurfacingDifferent materials are used to perform eachPaving – uses concrete, stone, or brickSurfacing – uses flexible and water-bound surfaces17AsphaltIs a dark-brown to black, solid or semi-solid, mainly composed of Bitumens (a tarry mixture of hydrocarbons)Bitumens also used in:Water proofing coatings Sheet Water proofing Damp proofing below gradeAsphalt moves into a liquid state when heatedCoal Tar Pitch – greater water resistance than asphalt, good adhesive properties, unlike asphalt - contains very little