ENVR_SCI 101 1st Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I. AnnouncementsII. POGIL 2.2: The Water CycleOutline of Current Lecture II. AnnouncementsIII. POGIL 2.2: The Water Cycle (2)Current Lecture II. AnnouncementsA. Water Footprint/Palouse Basin due Friday by midnight-drop box on ANGELB. reading and quiz for next week chapter 2, section 2.3C. midterm September 19thD. EXTRA CREDIT: Sandra Postel Lecture on September 19th at 7pm at the CUB auditoriumE. make-up lab for week 1, Fulmer 206 Wed. /Fri. 11-2 III. POGIL 2.2: The Water Cycle (2)1. Where is the water table located in an aquifer?-below the capillary fringe2. If an aquifer is composed of sand, gravel, or various types of rock, including sandstone, shale, or basalt, where is the water stored?-in the spaces between3. Which kinds of aquifers would you expect to have fast recharge?-sand or gravel Which kinds of aquifers would you expect to have a slow recharge?-clay, sandstone, basalt4. What impact could the depth of an aquifer have on recharge rates? Why?-the more depth, the slower the recharge because it would take longer to flow and fill down5. If a stream interacts with the unconfined aquifer below it, how would the level of water in the stream be related to the water table in the aquifer?These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-if the water level of the stream was higher, the water table in the aquifer would also be higher6. If a pollutant were to be dumped into the stream, would the unconfined aquifer that is interacting with the stream become polluted?-yes, it would become polluted because the water is moving back and forth7. If this pollutant dumping was a one-time event, would the stream recover aftersome time?-yes, this would occur quickly8. Would the unconfined aquifer interacting with the stream flush out quickly? Justify your answer.-yes, because the water is moving in and out quickly9. If a stream was located over a confined aquifer, would the stream and aquifer interact?-No, or very slowly, because it is often dense which makes it difficult for water to get to it.10. If a confined aquifer became contaminated, how could it be flushed out?-remove it and flush it out manually11. How would increasing temperatures impact glacier and snowpack runoff into rivers?-increasing temperatures would cause the glaciers and snowpack to melt, which would increase runoff into rivers12. How would increasing temperatures impact evapotranspiration?-increasing temperatures would increase evapotranspiration13. How would increasing temperatures impact the type of precipitation that would fall?-more rain, but less hail and snow14. In a system that has winter precipitation falling as snow, would you expect runoff in the middle of winter to be high or low?-the runoff would be low15. In a system where winter precipitation typically fell as snow, how would increasing winter temperatures impact snowpack?-less snowpack16. In a system where winter precipitation typically fell as snow, how would increasing winter temperatures impact runoff?-more runoff17. In a system such as the Pacific Northwest, snowpack is used as “stored water”. Historically, this water supply melts in late spring, supplying municipal, agricultural, andhydroelectric reservoirs well into the summer. What would higher winter temperatures do to summer water supply?-less snowfall, however higher temperatures could mean rainfall instead, so it would decrease the water supply because the reservoirs can only store so much water at a time18. In the system described in #17, describe in a grammatically correct sentence how warmer temperatures would impact winter stream flows and the potential for flooding.-without the slower process of snow melt runoff, the rain fall would continuously flow into the stream and cause flooding19. Would the water at the top of the reservoir be warmer or colder than the water at the bottom?-top would be warmer20. Dams typically release water from the bottom of the reservoir, so that the weight of the water above the release penstock can drive turbines. After a dam was installed in a river, would the water temperature below the dam be warmer or colder than before the dam was installed?-colder because it has been sitting at the bottom for awhile21. If a reservoir were only to be used for hydroelectric power, would water be removed from the river system?-no, we are not consuming it22. The demand for electricity is typically higher in the mornings and late afternoons. If a river had a hydroelectric dam on it, how would the flows change throughout theday?-higher in the morning, like the tidal system, because of the demand23. If a reservoir was used for agricultural irrigation, would water be removed from the river system?-yes, it would be moved to the land24. If a reservoir was used for municipal needs, would water be removed from the river system?-yes, although some returned in waste water25. Which of the uses in #21-24 are consumptive?-agriculture, municipal use26. Considering what you have learned about recharge, do you think it is possibleto pump more water out of an aquifer than is being recharged?-yes27. If the aquifer in unconfined and connected to the stream, what could happen to stream flow if the aquifer pumped at a rate faster than recharge?-reduced stream flow28. Consider an aquifer near a coastal zone that discharges directly into the ocean. What could happen to the water in the aquifer if it was pumped at a rate higher than recharge?-it would eventually become a salt water aquifer29. If a watershed in a hot, dry area is primarily used for agriculture, what impactwould that kind of land use have on the quantity of surface/groundwater?-quantity would be poor because all the water is being consumed30. What kinds of pollutants would you expect to find in a river system that runs through an agricultural watershed?-pesticides, fertilizers31. What kinds of pollutants would you expect through an urban watershed?-chemicals, waste, garbage, oil, fuel32. Where do the pollutants in #30-31 end up?-lakes and oceans33. How would increasing temperatures impact evapotranspiration?-increase, which would kill plants34. Hypothesize how changes in evapotranspiration could impact the flow of water out of aquifers and rivers in the Great Plains.-more water would be used and deplete the flow35. Hypothesize how warmer and wetter