BIO 311D 2nd EditionFinal Exam Study GuideExam 1 Review 1. In cocker spaniels, black color (B) is dominant over red (b), and solid color (S) is dominant over spotted (s), and the genes are unlinked. If two offspring (F1) of BBss and bbss parental individuals are mated with each other, what fraction of their offspring (the F2) will be black and spotted? – ¾ 2. In the maternity ward Mrs. L and Mrs. M shared a room, and both gave birth to daughters on the same morning but careful records were not kept and the babies might have been switched. Here’s the information: Mr. L is type O, Mrs. L is type AB, baby L is type O. Mr.M and Mrs. M and baby M are all type A. Based on blood type data, were the babies switched? – Yes, the babies were definitely switched 3. Which of the following can change allele frequencies from generation to generation in a large population of diploid, sexually reproducing organisms? – Random mutation 4. There are two alleles for a certain gene locus, A and a. 70% of the alleles in a particular gene pool are A. What is the genotype frequency of AA individuals (p2)? – 0.49 5. A ship that had been used for many years in arctic exploration was sold and moved to a harbor in the warm waters of the Caribbean. Worms that had lived on the ship bottom crawled off in the warm waters and attempted to attach to other ships in this tropical area where there were no similar worms. Some of the worms were able to survive and reproduce. What would you expect to happen to this group of worms over many generations in this new environment? – Worms processing genetic variations that help them to survive and thrive in the new environment will leave more offspring than otherslacking those traits. Over time, the proportion of the worm population with these adaptive traits will likely increase. 6. A chef sprays antimicrobial cleaner on her counter top. At the first, the bacteria population declines significantly. However, even though she continues to spray in following weeks, the number of bacteria begins to increase again. Why did this happen? – Some bacteria had traits that allowed them to survive the initial antimicrobial application. They produced offspring also carrying those traits. 7. Polydacytyl is a dominant trait (A) and not sex-linked in humans. A man with polydactyl marries a woman with normal digit number. Show the Punnett Square for this mating. What fraction of their offspring is expected to have polydactyl? - 50% of their offspring are expected to have polydactyl a aA Aa Aaa aa aa8. Hemophilia is caused by a recessive X-linked gene (h). A woman is heterozygous for the recessive X linked gene for hemophilia. Her husband is not affected by hemophilia. Showthe Punnett Square for this mating. What proportion of their daughters will be carriers for the trait? – 50% of their daughters will be carriers XHYXHXH XHXHYXhXH XhXhY9. A population with purple flowers is effectively pollinated by a certain species of bee. Theenvironment is getting warmer and that bee is no longer active at the time this plant blooms. Instead, bees that visit yellow flowers are more common in this habitat. List a series of events/changes by which this plant population over time evolves yellow flower color by the process of natural selection.1. Genetic variation present in the population2. Temperature change, bees aren’t active when flowers bloom3. Bees don’t pollinate the purple flowers4. Purple flowers aren’t able to pass on their genes due to lack of pollination5. Bees pollinate yellow flowers because the time the flowers bloom, the bees are active6. Over time, yellow flowers are able to successfully reproduce more, passing on the traits to their offspring 10. In a species, the normal diploid number (2n) is 30. Fill in the correct numbera. Number of DNA molecules in a cell in G2 phase (after replication) – 60b. Number of homologous pairs in this species’ genome – 15c. Number of chromosomes in a normal gamete of this species – 15d. Number of chromosomes in a typical body cell of an individual in this species that has a trisomy condition (2n+1) – 31e. Possible number of chromosomes in a typical body cell of an individual in this species that resulted from polyploidy – 60, 45 11. On a phylogenetic tree, write a timeline (arrow, past to present)a. Write a star or asterisk at a point indicating the most recent common ancestor of species A and F. b. Write a line indicating the position of an out-group. Label it out-group. 12. Evidence suggests that species A and B by allopatric speciation. What is necessary in order to have a history of allopatric speciation – a geographic barrier 13. If they are distinct species, what is a specific example of an isolating mechanism to maintain that? - Mechanical isolation, the reproductive parts of species A and B simplydon’t fit with one another. Other examples include behavioral isolation, gametic isolation and hybrid sterility. Exam 2 Review1. Co-evolution is when two organisms are each the selective agent for the other in the partnership2. Which of these is a correct match describing where in a plant most of the substance enters and where in the plant it mainly used up or released? – Nitrates enter through the roots and are used up at meristem.3. Which of these are examples of asexual reproduction? – A small plant develops from a leaf broken off the parent plant 4. The evolutionary advantage of having a Casparian strip is only substances that can cross membranes enter plant core. 5. Of the following short list, which event best represents a fertilization step in flowering plants? – Combination of sperm nucleus and two polar nuclei 6. What is the specific evolved function of the attractive, nutritious tissue of a fruit such as a peach or cherry? - Only for nutrition for animals that disperse the seeds 7. Water will tend to move into a cell with what combination of conditions? – Higher soluteconcentration and lower fluid pressure8. Of the following, which of the following systems provides the LEAST genetic variability? –Asexual reproduction 9. A mutant plant produces fruits that do not ripen. Genes for which of these could be missing in this mutant? – Ethylene receptor 10. Recall the definition of evolutionary fitness. In order to determine fitness of a group of plants you tested in a field experiment you do, you would need to measure which of these? – Survivorship and germination of seeds produced by your plants11.