BIO 311D 2nd Edition Lecture 30 Outline of Last Lecture I Blood and Lymph II Lymphocyte specialization III Action of B and T cells Outline of Current Lecture I Action of B and T cells in immune response II Introduction to neurons and membrane potential Current Lecture I Action of B and T cells in immune response A All blood cells come from pluripotent stem cells in bone marrow They differentiate into cells with specific functions B Defense systems 1 Innate non specific a Barriers b Internal inflammation 2 Adaptive specific a B and T lymphocyte receptors C Immunoglobulin proteins on surfaces of B cell and T cell recognize specific antigen D B cells 1 Humoral immunity fight antigen in body fluids blood lymph 2 Secrete antibody into fluid 3 Mature into bone marrow E T cells 1 Cell mediated immunity fight antigen in cells 2 Bind antigen with T cell receptors in membrane 3 Mature in thymus gland 4 Example viral infected cells cancer tumor cells autoimmune disorders F Handout Question 3 57 Cut and splice their DNA Antibodies proteins consist of small regions Set of gene segments 43 13 permanently cut DNA to produce particular antibody Specialize before exposure but clone after exposure G Handout Question 3 58 Clonal selections are the proliferation of a lymphocyte into a clone of cells in response to binding to an antigen An encounter with an antigen selects which lymphocyte will divide to produce a clonal population of thousands of cells specific for a particular epitope H Most of the great diversity of antibodies in a person results from the splicing and rearrangement of which IClicker Question and Answer 1 Immunoglobulin proteins during lymphocyte development 2 mRNA s for immunoglobulin proteins during lymphocyte development secondary 3 DNA for immunoglobulin proteins during lymphocyte development 4 Molecules in specialized lymphocytes after they first encounter their antigen I After activation by antigen T cells specialize themselves and in strong activation produce memory cells Then 1 Helper T cells 2 Cytotoxic Killer T cells J If the antigen is in cells T cells are activated 1 To get activated initially a T cell must be stimulated by an antigen presenting cell that has BOTH a That T cell s specific antigen AND b The persons Self MHC 2 How to prevent rejection after organ transplant a Suppress immune response through corticosteroid hormones 3 Bone Marrow Matching a Similarities within the MHC K Helper T cells once activated by antigen presenting cell clone themselves and release chemical signals that stimulate B cells and cytotoxic T cells releases signals cytokines L Once activated what B cells Bone marrow Cut and splice T cells or binding to receptors Secrete antibodies For memory cells Yes Form where Specialize Activated by II Introduction to neurons and membrane potential T cells Bone marrow Cut and splice Antigen recognition Helper T activate others Killer T kills Yes A Neurons highly specialized cells in shape and especially in their membrane proteins 1 Dendrites receive signals 2 Axon conducts signals to other cells 3 The cell body contains most cytoplasm and organelles B A synapse is the gap between two neurons through which they communicate Each of the 100 million neurons in our brain has hundreds of synaptic connections with other cells C Ions can be moved across membranes through passive transport most ion channels in neurons are passive or active transport e g sodium potassium pump 1 What determines the direction an ion will move across the membrane through a passive channel a Charge gradient b Concentration gradient
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