PLP 150C1 1st EditionFinal Study Exam Guide: Lectures: 1 - 18Lecture 1What is a fungus?Achlorophylous, typically filamentous (except yeast) organisms that reproduce via spores, obtains nutrients through absorption processes, and ahs cell walls made of chitin.What are the principle cell wall components?Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin.Who made the microscope?Anthony Leeuwenhoek & Robert HookeWhat are the four divisions of fungi?Chytridiomycota, zygomycota, Ascomycota, basidiomycotaLecture 2Where do fungi live?Almost everywhere. Most are terrestrial, in temperate or tropical areas, found in association with soil or leaf litter (the great decomposers). But are diverse, can live in water too.Do all fungi produce spores?No. Some seem to have lost the ability to reproduce sexual and mycoticallyLecture 3What is a pathogen?An organism that causes diseaseWhat is symbiosis?Living with, living together. Not necessarily happily.What is parasitism?When one benefits, and the other is harmed.True or false? Microbial infections can be both mutualistic or parasitic.True.True or false? Biotrophs kill plant cells almost immediately.False. They don’t kill plant cells at first. When the host died, it dies too.What kind of disease is damping-off?Soilborne.Lecture 4What is plant pathology?The study of organisms & non-biotic factors that cause diseaseExplain The Late Blight of Potatoes.In early 1800s (1825) Irish population similar to what we see in many poor countries today, population at limits of food supply. At that time, England controlled Ireland. With the intro of potato from the “New World’, farmers could grow 3x at much food per hectare. Population doubles in 30 years! A period of economic boom, for the English who controlled Ireland. British landlords extracted as much as they could from the Irish peasants. A very exploitive environment. This is one of the first famines where the media was involvedWho is Heinrich Anton de Bary?Founder of plant pathology. Mycologist, surgeon, botanist, microbiologist. Did a ton of work with infestans during the Irish Potato Famine.Lecture 5What are three diseases cause by basidiomycetes?Rusts, smuts and wood decayHow does a plant get infected with Fusarium Wilt of tomato?Infects plant through root, then moves to vascular system, to the blood of the plant. Grows in that conductive tissue and plugs it. Develops so much fungal tissue inside plant, that the plant collapses cause it can’t find water.How do you control Nectria Canker?Chop it down, let it regrow. Remove the infected tissue out of the orchard. And use dormant spray after it is cut down, so new infections don’t start.True or false? Mushrooms can cause wood decay.True.Lecture 6How do you control Chestnut blight?Breeding programs and fungal hypovirulenceHow do you control Dutch Elm disease?Pruning diseases trees, insecticides and fungicidesWhat is White Pine Blister Rust?A rust of a tree species. Came from Asia, where the trees have resistance, but our white pines don’t. It’s a heteroecious rust (has two hosts). The other host is gooseberry, a common native bush. VERY destructive in forests harvested for lumber. Causes cankers & pustules. Where did the Tar Spot Norway Maple come from?EuropeWhat causes Sudden Oak Death?Phytophthora RamorumLecture 7True or false? Yeasts are multicellular.False. Yeasts are unicellular.How is alcohol made?By yeast under anaerobic conditionsTrue or false? Yeast cells can proliferate as haploids and diploids.True.What do two haploid cells mate to form?A zygoteLecture 8What are the three reasons to ferment?Recreation, preservation and flavorWhere was the first evidence of winemaking?AsiaWhat is Zymomonas mobilis?A bacterium that surpasses yeast in some aspects of fermentation. Degrades sugars to make ethanol and CO2, but more restricted ability to use a diversity of sugars. Can only use glucose, fructose and sucrose. Can ferment sugars to make wines and beers.Lecture 9Why do flower wines need to be supplemented with sugar?For sufficient ethanol production.What is pruno?Prison wine. An alcoholic liquid originating in prisons where it can be made cheaply, easily & discreetly. What is pulque made from?Agave.True or false? Mead, or honey wine, can ferment on its own.False. It can’t because it’s pure sugar basically.What is Kombucha?Fermented tea that is often for medical purposes.Lecture 10What is cheese made of?Proteins and fat from milkWhere do blue cheeses get their blue-ness?Penicillium roquefortiHow long can salami be stored at room temperature for?Ten yearsWhat is ogi?A fermented cereal porridge from West Africa, made from sorghum or millet. The fermentation is performed by many lactic acid bacteria and yeasts.How is soy sauce made?By mixing soybeans and grain with culturesLecture 11The oldest archaeological record of mushrooms was in the form of what?Cave artHow far away are most markets from commercial mushrooms producers?3-5 daysWhat is the mushroom capital of the world?Chester county, PA.Lecture 12What do mushrooms provide an excellent opportunity for?Education and economic developmentHow many mushrooms species are there?14,000What are amatoxins?A deadly liver toxin that causes liver failure 1-3 days after ingestion. A very slow death. It’s principal toxin is from the genus AmanitaLecture 13Who experienced the first acid trip?Albert HoffmanWhat did he think of LSD?He thought it was a portal to enhanced awarenessWhere are aflatoxin founds?Dry foods like grains and nuts. Can be concentrated in milk.Where are fumonisins commonly produced?Corn and grain productsWhat are the two genera of mushrooms that play a role in spiritual experience?Amanita & PsilocybeLecture 14What is T-2 Toxin?Implicated in the Plague of Athens. Came through grain shipments from Africa, killed 1/3 of the population. Implicated in “yellow rain” during the Vietnam War, and in the Gulf War Syndrome during the Iraq War.What is the toxin we’re most exposed to?AlternariaWhat is locoism?Animals exhibit depression, hard to walk, lack of muscular coordination, difficulty eating & drinkingWhere are the key problem areas for Sick Building syndrome?Moist areas like under sinks, or A/C systems, leaky roofsLecture 15Who discovered Penicillin?Alexander FlemingWhat are most famous antibiotics made by?Filamentous bacteria known as actinomycetesWhat is griseofulvin important for? Why is it hard to use?Treatment against fungus diseases in humans. It is hard to use because it’s hard