PLP 150C1 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide: Lectures 8 - 13Lecture 8What are the four areas that yeasts vary in fermentation?1.The kinds of sugars they ferment2.The temperature they can tolerate3.The amount of acid they can tolerate4.The amount of alcohol they can tolerateDefine fermentation.The microbial conversion of carbohydrates to alcohol or acidsWhat is alcohol fermentation?Sugar to ethanol and CO2What are the three reasons to ferment?Recreation, preservation and flavor.True or false? The first evidence of milk fermentation was 3000 years ago.True.What’s the difference between aerobic and anaerobic?Oxygen is present in aerobic, and in anaerobic it is not present.What is Zymomonas mobilis? What is its biggest advantage?A bacterium that surpasses yeast in some aspects of fermentation. It degrades sugars to make ethanol and CO2, but has a more restricted ability to use a diversity of sugars; it can only use glucose, fructose and sucrose. It ferments sugars to make wines and beers.Its biggest advantage is making biofuels.What are two ways that wine is adjusted?Sugar is added. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are also added because it lacks natural necessary yeast nutrients.Lecture 9What are flower wines made from?Chrysanthemums, acacia, honeysuckle, roses and sweet briar.True or false? Fermenting beer and wine is legal, but distilling moonshine isn’t.TrueWhat is Pruno?Prison wine. It’s an alcoholic liquid originating in prisons where it can be made cheaply, easily and discreetly.What is Mead?Honey wine. It won’t ferment on its own because it’s basically pure sugar.What is the third most popular drink?Beer.What’s the difference between top-fermenting yeast and bottom-fermenting yeast?Top-fermenting yeast ferments at higher temperatures. Bottom-fermenting yeast produce the pale lagers and pilsners, which are the most commonly consumed types of beer in the world.Lecture 10What is cheese made of? How is it produced?Proteins and fat from milk. It’s produced by coagulation of the milk protein casein.What is bread?A staple food made from flour, water and other ingredients. Lactobacillus makes the culture go sour by excreting lactic acid, which protects it from going bad. Why weren’t yeast-leavened breads understood until the late 19th century?Because of the microbes that scientists couldn’t discover and study until that time.What is salami?Cured sausage. It’s fermented and air dried meat.How is soy sauce made?By mixing soybeans and grain with cultures such as A. Soyae and other bacteria and yeasts.Lecture 11How made edible mushroom species are there? How many have been cultivated?5000 edible species, 60 have been cultivated.How perishable are mushrooms?They are among the most perishable produce items. There is a big change in quality between a 1-day harvest mushroom and a 5-day old one.How profitable are mushrooms?From its inception commercial mushroom production has been profitable. They’re very cost effective because the raw materials are cheap. They have high yields- generally 6 pounds of mushrooms on a sq ft of compost.What are the four principles of mushroom cultivation?1.Create a substrate2.Inoculate the substrate with your fungus so it will dominate3.Manage the environment to favor initial growth & nutrient utilization4.Manage the environment to favor periodic mushroom initiation & developmentWhat’s the first step in commercial mushroom production?Making a uniform spawn.Lecture 12True or false? Studying and cultivation mushrooms isn’t the best opportunity for education and economic development because complicated equipment is necessary.False. It provides an excellent opportunity, and all you need is simple equipment.What are amatoxins?Deadly liver toxins that cause liver failure 1-3 days after ingestion, and cause a very slow death.What is muscarine?A neurotoxin in Chantrelle mushrooms which causes vomiting, diarrhea, salivation, perspiration and tears. What are some tips for mushroom collecting?Keep all species separate. Don’t collect them when they’re wet, and always put them in paper bags. Don’t ear wild ones raw. Only ear those that are absolutely identifiable. Be careful of white-capped ones with stem rings or swollen bases.Lecture 13Who is Albert Hoffman?Had the first acid trip. Absorbed it through his skin.Where are aflatoxins found?Dry foods like grains and nuts.What are the two genera of mushrooms that play a role in spiritual experience?Amanita and PsilocybeWhere is Amanita muscaria found?Northern hemisphere in temperate and boreal forests, but has been introduced to the southernhemisphere.What is Psilocybe used for?Spirituality and