PLP 150C1 1st Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture I. TricothecenesA. T-2 & DON toxinsII. Alternaria toxinsIII. PenicilliumIV. Locoweed and LocoismOutline of Current Lecture I. Alexander FlemingA. PenicillinII. Other fungal drugsA. AntibioticsB. ImmunosuppressantC. AntifungalCurrent LectureAlexander Fleming discovered Penicillin.• Was studying Staphylococcus, but found this fungus instead◦ Called it “mould juice” for several months before naming it◦ It affected many gram-positive bacteria that because scarlet fever, pneumonia, meningitis, and diphtheria.◦ Some gram-negative too, like Neisseria gonorrhoeae.• Published his discovery, but received little attention.◦ His own impression was that he didn’t think it’d be able to treat internal infections, he thought it’d be more for wounds, etc.• In 1999, Time Magazine named Fleming on of the 100 most important people of the 20th century for his penicillin discovery.Other fungal drugs• Antibiotics◦ Cephalosporium acremonium produces cephalosporin, which has antibacterial properties◦ Most other famous antibiotics are made by filamentous bacteria known as Actinomycetes, or Actinobacteria◦ Species of lichen produce vulpinic acid, which has antibacterial activity, and also iseffective to deter herbivores from feeding on it• Immunosuppressive drugs◦ Penicillium produce mycophenolic acid. Use in transplant patients to suppress rejection of transplanted organs, usually kidneys◦ Tolypocladium inflatum produces cyclosporine which has powerful immunosuppressant activity.• Antifungal medicines◦ Most used in medicine come from bacteria, but some come from fungi. ◦ Griseofulvin is really important in treatment against fungus diseases in humans. Hard to use because it’s hard to kill the fungus without really hurting the human as well◦ Strobilurin is really important in crop disease management◦ And there are many natural compounds from plants. Plants have a long history of defending themselves against fungi.▪ Ex) coconut oil, neem seed oil, orange oil,
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