GEO 101 – Final Exam Study Guide (Not a cumulative study guide)1. What are the major features of the ocean floor?a. Continental Shelfi. Continental crust under waterb. Continental Slopei. Slope between continental crust & oceanic crustc. Abyssal plaini. Ocean floord. Seamountsi. Submerged volcanoese. Canyonsi. Rivers  cuts down into continental shelfii. Turbidity currents  create graded beds, carry sediment to abyssal plains2. What are the types and underlying causes of ocean currents?a. Surface currentsi. Driven by wind/Coriolis effectb. Deep currentsi. Downwellingii. Upwelling – deep water being forced upwardsc. Cause by:i. Coriolis effectii. Density1. Temperature2. Salinity3. How does the moon create the tides?a. Because of moons gravitational pull4. Know the different types of waves and wave actions that we covered.a. Different Types:i. Open Ocean waves – energy moves forwards, water stays put1. Counter clockwise olliptical motion2. Bobbing up and downii. Translational wave – friction between wave and ocean floorb. Wave Actions:i. Wave Refraction – waves more or less hit parallel to the shore. Affects way sediment moves and erosion.ii. Longshore current – path of sand particles. Creates zig zag and pulls you down the shore.5. What are the different kinds of coastlines and why do they form where they do?a. Beachb. Barrier Islandc. Tidal Flatd. Rocky Coaste. Coastal Wetlandsf. Coral Reefg. Estuariesh. Fjordsi. What determines type of coast?i. Tectonic settingii. Climateiii. Sea Leveliv. Sediment supply6. What do humans do to try and stabilize the coastline?a. Groins – barriers built to keep sand from erodingb. Jetty – protect harbor entrancesc. Breakwater – decrease wave energyd. Beach nourishment – bring in new sand7. What are the characteristics of a good aquifer? a. High Porosity and permeability8. How does groundwater move, and how is that movement affected by different sediments and rocks? a. Gravity under water table: From high elevation to low elevationb. Pressure above water table9. How do humans access groundwater?a. Wellsb. Springsc. Hot Springs10. What are the components of a geyser?a. Water supplyb. Heat supplyc. Plumbing system11. How can groundwater resources be depleted?a. Lowering the water tableb. Saline intrusionc. Reversing flowd. Land subsidence12. What factors influence groundwater quality?a. ‘Soft water’: saltb. ‘Hard water’: calcium, magnesiumc. Hydrogen sulfided. Iron rich13. What geologic features are created by groundwater?a. Caves14. What are the five types of deserts and why do they form where they do?a. Subtropicali. Global air circulation. Takes up all the moisture and takes it awayb. Rain Shadowi. Air picks up moisture. Rising air cools and rain clouds form. Air comes down other side of mountain with dry air (rain shadow). One side of mountain wet and the other dry.c. Coastali. Works opposite of rain shadow. Cool dry air, air absorbs moisture = desertd. Continental Interiori. Far from ocean. Air moisture used over continent. Water squeezed out of air. e. Polari. Global air circulation. Cold air is dry (cannot hold moisture)15. What are the main causes of desert weathering?a. Physical weatheringb. Chemical weathering16. How is sediment transported and deposited in the desert?a. Transported:i. Water (flash floods)ii. Windb. Deposited:i. Alluvial Fan: abrupt change in velocity. Stream dumps coarse sediment. ii. Talus Apron: pile of debris around base of mountain. Gravity. iii. Salt Lake: no outlet. Water collects and evaporates. Salt concentratesiv. Playa: dry lakebed. Salt accumulates.v. Dunes: wind moves sand and carries small grains away. 17. What kinds of geological formations are common in the desert?a. Desert pavementb. Dunesc. Mesad. Buttee. Chimney18. How is desertification caused?a. Changing non-deserts into desertsb. Causes:i. Deforestationii. Overgrazingiii. Agricultureiv. Water mismanagementv. Drought19. How do glaciers form, and what are they composed of?a. Formation:i. Large amount of snowii. Most does not meltiii. Gentle slopeiv. Stratifiedv. Compact over timeb. Composed of: Ice20. What are the types of glaciers?a. Mountainb. Continentalc. Temperated. Polar21. What controls the movement of glaciers?a. Gravity is prime moverb. 2 main types:i. Basic sliding – slides on meltii. Plastic Deformation – solid changing shape, occurs below 60m22. What causes glacier advance and retreat?a. Amount of snowb. Summer temperatures23. How do glaciers cause erosion?a. Loose debrisb. Pluckingc. Embedded rocks (striations, polishing, dust)24. What geological features are created by glaciers?a. Arete – ridge caused by 2 glaciersb. Horn – peak shaped by 3 glaciersc. U-shaped valleyd. Hanging valleye. Fjord – coastal valleys filled with water25. What global consequences result from glacier advance and retreat?a. Ice loading and glacial reboundi. Isotacyii. Tectonic changesb. Sea level change26. How do geologists know about the history of glacier advance and retreat?a. Fossilsb. Depositsc. Plate tectonic evidence27. Why is New Orleans sinking? (covered in multiple classes)a. Isotacyb. Land subsidencec. Human activity – wetland removal (no where for water to go), artificial levees (nonew sediment), extracting groundwater (compacting sediment)Comprehensive Section of Final Exam1. Scientific method: when are theories formulated?a. Theories are scientific ideas supported by an abundance of evidence; they havepassed many tests and have failed none. 2. Major rock types and where they are found (igneous & metamorphic)a. Igneous rocks “freeze” out of lava or magma. Found near volcanoes but alsoinside and outside of the Earth.b. Metamorphic rocks are any rocks changed by temperature and/or pressure. Asolid-state change. Associated with mountain building (regional metamorphism),intruding magma into a rock (contact metamorphism), very deeply buriedsediment (burial metamorphism), fault zones where 2 plates move against eachother (dynamic metamorphism), and subduction zones. 3. What happens at each tectonic boundary? (Geologic features, rocks, faults)a. Divergent Boundariesi. Two plates move apart1. Mid-ocean ridge (creates topography)2. Continental rift (creates volcanoes)ii. Igneous rocks found hereiii. Normal faultsb. Convergent Boundariesi. Two plates move toward each other1. Subduction zone (causes earthquakes. Volcano formation(ocean/continent). Volcanic island arc