PRACTICE QUESTIONSCHAPTER 11. In the heliocentric model _______A. Earth orbitsaround the SunB. the Sun orbits around EarthC. Earth is a stationary planetD. Mercury and Venus orbit around the Sun, but all other planets orbit around Earth2.The big bang theory states that _______A. all stars will end their lives explosively as supernovasB. Earth formed through a series of violent collisionsC. meteors were responsible for the extinction of the dinosaursD. all matter in the Universe was once confined to a single point.3. Which of the following bodies is the smallest?A. planetB. starC. protoplanetD. planetesimal4. All objects in the Solar System are in orbit around ______A. EarthB. JupiterC. the SunD. the Kuiper Belt5. Differentiation of the core from the mantle early in Earth’s history was possible because the planet was at the time _____A. very coldB. very hotC. verysmallD. the only planet in the Solar System6. The shape of Earth’s magnetic field is approximately that of a A. monopole B. dipole (such as that produced by a bar magnet) C. torus, a donut-shaped ring parallel to Earth’s equator7. The boundary between the crust and mantle is marked by a seismic-velocity discontinuity called _________A. the EdselB. the MohoC. Lyell’s surfaceD. the Crantle8. The lithosphere liesdirectly above the __________ A. transition zoneB. crustC. asthenosphereD. lower mantle9. The density of mantle is greater than that of core.A. TrueB. False10. The two most common elements in the crust of Earth are oxygen and hydrogen.A. TrueB. FalseCHAPTER 21. Wegner’s idea of continental drift was rejected by American geologists because _________A. his English was too poor to be understood by themB. he could not conceive of a valid mechanism that would cause continents to Shift positionsC. he had relatively little evidence supporting the existence of a supercontinentD. the apparent fit of continental coastlines is blurred when the margins are Defined by the edges of continental shelves rather than at sea level.2. The magnetic field of Earth in the geologic past is unknown, but it is assumed to have been identical to today’s ____________A. TrueB. False3. Within the sea floor, the rate of heat flow is greatest ______A. along mid-ocean ridgesB. along fracture zonesC. at the edges of ocean basins2D. in the center of abyssal plains4. Marine magnetic anomaly belts run parallel to .A. mid-ocean ridgesB. Fracture zonesC. continental coastlinesD. continental shelves5. The age of oceanic crust decreases with increasing distance from a mid-ocean ridge.A. TrueB. False6.The deep ocean floor is flat and nearly featureless.A. TrueB. False7. Marine magnetic anomalies result from sea-floor spreading in conjunction with ____A. global warmingB. magnetic storms on the surface of the SunC. magnetic polarity reversalsD. apparent wander ofthe magnetic poles.8. Unlike the lithosphere, the asthenosphere __________A. is relatively weak and flows readilyB. has a density similar to the coreC. varies in thickness from place to placeD. is relatively cool9. An active margin is a continental coastline that coincides with a plate boundary.A. TrueB. False10. Tectonic plates might consist of _______A. continental lithosphere onlyB. oceanic lithosphereonlyC. oceanic or continental lithosphere or a combination of bothD. either oceanic or continental lithosphere, but not both11. At a divergent plate boundary, two opposed plates _______A. move toward one anotherB. move away from one anotherC. slide past one another12. At a convergent plate boundary, two opposed plates ________A. move toward one anotherB. move away from one anotherC. slide past one another13. At a transform plate boundary, two opposed plates _________A. move toward one anotherB. move away from one anotherC. slide past one another14. Mid-ocean ridges are convergent plate boundaries.A. TrueB. False15. The youngest sea floor occurs _________A. along passive marginsB. along active marginsC. along mid-ocean ridgesD. randomly over the entire ocean basin16. Subduction zones are convergent plate boundaries.A. TrueB. False17. At a subduction zone, the downgoing (subducting) plate .A. is always composed of continental lithosphereB. is always composed of oceanic lithosphereC. may be composed or either oceanic or continental lithosphere.18. Hawaii is an example of ________A. hot-spot volcanismB. mid-ocean ridge volcanismC. a volcanic island arcD. a transform margin19. When two bodies of continental lithosphere arepushed together at a convergent boundary, the result is _____A. subductionB. collision and mountain formation20. Most of the pushing force that drives plate motion is produced __________A. at mid-ocean ridgesB. at subduction zonesC. at collision zonesD. in the interiors of continental plates.CHAPTER 31. Which of the following is NOT a mineral?A. petroleum (oil), which is a liquidB. cubic zirconia, which is a synthetic diamond substitute that is not found in natureC. ice, which is water in the solid state (and water is essential to all organic life on Earth)D. both A and B are not minerals; however, C is a mineral2. Two distinctminerals may have the same chemical formula.A. TrueB. False3. Natural glass is not considered a mineral because it _______________A. is not produced by geologic processesB. is organicC. does not have fixed crystalline structureD. can be made synthetically as well as being a naturally occurringsubstance4. The shininess of a mineral is a helpful diagnostic property termed _______A. colorB. specific gravityC. lusterD. streak5. Diamond and graphite are both polymorphs of pure silicon.A. TrueB. False6. The most abundant minerals belong to a chemical group termed the ________A. silicatesB. carbonatesC. halidesD. oxides7. In silicate minerals, tetrahedral may be coordinated to form _________A. long one-dimensional chainsB. extensive two-dimensional sheetsC. massive three-dimensional frameworksD. all of the above8. The color of a mineral in powdered form is termed .A. colorB. specific gravityC. lusterD. streak9. Minerals are classified into groups primarily on the basis of _______A. chemistry, specifically the cations within the chemical formulaB. chemistry, specifically the anions within the chemical formulaC. hardness; hard, soft, and medium are the three primary classesD. the number of cleavage directions present10. When in contact with hydrochloric acid, which mineral gives off bubbles of carbon dioxidegas?A. quartzB. haliteC. calciteD.