Chapter 6:1. The breakdown of exposed rock into small fragments and dissolved ions is termed .A. depositionB. erosionC. weatheringD. stratification2. The majority of the rocks that occur at the surface of Earth are A. intrusive igneous rocksB. extrusive igneous rocksC. sedimentary rocksD. metamorphic rocks3. Clastic sedimentary rocks are primarily classified on the basis ofA. grain sizeB. degree of sortingC. angularityD. mineral composition4. Which transport medium carries the largest particles?A. iceB. waterC. wind5. Chemical and biochemical rocks are classified primarily on the basis ofA. grain sizeB. degree of sortingC. angularityD. mineral composition6. The principal compound making up limestone is CaCO3. Which mineral type is dominant in limestone?A. SilicatesB. SulfidesC. CarbonatesD. Metals7. __________ is composed of carbon and organic chemicals from plants.A. EvaporiteB. ConglomerateC. CoalD. Arkose8. Which of the following locates at the top of a graded bed?A. MudB. SiltC. SandD. Pebble9.Which environment would most likely produce sedimentary deposits characterized by very well-sorted, very well-rounded grains that are nearly pure quartz?A. riverB. glacierC. beachD. alluvial fan10. Finding mudstone, chalk, and chert together at outcrops suggests that the ancient environment represented was .A. a deltaB. shallow marineC. deep marineD. a lakeChapter 71. Clay minerals within a buried body of shale are recrystallized at 400°C and high pressure to form mica, producing a rock called phyllite; this is an example of _________.A. diagenesisB. erosionC. metamorphismD. weathering2. Which of the following is NOT a metamorphic process?A. RecrystallizationB. Phase changeC. NeocrystallizationD. Pressure solutionE. Elastic deformation3. Which of the following is NOT a cause of metamorphism?A. HeatingB. PressureC. WeatheringD. CompressionE. Hot water4. ______ indicates planar surfaces or layers formed by mineral grain alignment.A. StrataB. BeddingC. FoliationD. Compaction5. Which is NOT a foliated metamorphic rock?A. SlateB. MarbleC. GneissD. Metaconglomerate6. Compared to low-graded metamorphic rocks, high-grade rocks _______.A. always contain more quartz and feldsparB. are produced closer to the surface, high in the stratigraphic columnC. are produced at greater temperatures and pressuresD. are produced at cooler temperatures, but greater pressures7. Metamorphism may be induced by _________.A. contact with a hot plutonB. contact with hot groundwaterC. heat and pressure associated with deep burialD. fault slidingE. all of the above8. Thermal (contact) metamorphism produces _________.A. foliated rocks onlyB. nonfoliated rocks onlyC. both foliated and nonfoliated rocks9. The mineral assemblage within metamorphic rock is ______.A. always identical to that found within the protolithB. dependent only on the mineral assemblage of the protolithC. dependent only on the temperature and pressure of formationD. dependent on both the mineral content of the protolith and the temperature and pressure of formation10. Which of the following processes CANNOT occur in the formation of metamorphic rock?A. realignment of minerals so that they develop a preferred orientationB. segregation of minerals into layers of different compositionsC. solid-state rearrangement of atoms or ions to create a new assemblage of mineralsD. complete remelting of the rock, followed by solidification to form a new rock11. Which list properly orders metamorphic rocks from lowest to highest grade?A. conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shaleB. shale, slate, phyllite, quartziteC. slate, phyllite, schist, gneissD. gneiss, schist, phyllite, slate12. Foliated metamorphic rocks possess ________ ?A. leafy plant fossils (ancient foliage)B. a homogeneous texture resulting from randomly oriented grainsC. a planar fabric consisting of mineral grains in preferred orientations or preferred patterns of association (banding)D. minerals precipitated directly from sea water13. _________ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of slate.A. LimestoneB. SandstoneC. ShaleD. Gneiss14. _______ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of marble.A. LimestoneB. SandstoneC. ShaleD. Slate15. Exhumation is the process that returns deeply buried rocks to the surface.A. TrueB. False16. A shield is an older, interior region of a continent.A. TrueB. FalseInterlude1. ________ refers to the progressive transformation of Earth material from one rock type to another.A. Rock cycleB. Rock groupC. Rock formationD. Rock-forming environments2. Which of the following is NOT a direct stage when a metamorphic rock becomes a sedimentary rock?A. ErosionB. DepositionC. MeltingD. Lithification3. An igneous rock can become another type of igneous rock.A. TrueB. False4. What drives the rock cycle in the Earth system?A. Internal heatB. Gravitational fieldC. Heat from the SunD. LifeE. All of the above5. The rock cycle occurs because the Earth is a dynamic planet.A. TrueB. FalseChapter 81. Alabama is an earthquake-free place.A. TrueB. False2. Geologists who specially study earthquakes are called ______.A. seismologistsB. paleontologistsC. volcanologistsD. speleologists3. A surface along which rock on opposed sides is offset by earthquake-induced slip is called a _____.A. jointB. faultC. foldD. wall4. The elastic-rebound theory explains how an earthquake happens through successive processes of ________.A. (1) elastic deformation, (2) stress build-up, and (3) fault slipB. (1) fault slip, (2) stress build-up, and (3) elastic deformationC. (1) stress build-up, (2) fault slip, and (3) elastic deformationD. (1) stress build-up, (2) elastic deformation, and (3) fault slip5. In which case can you find seismicity?A. Sudden slip on a faultB. Movement of magma in a volcanoC. Giant landslidesD. Underground nuclear-bomb testsE. All of the above6. The point on Earth’s surface directly above the point where an earthquake occurs is termed the ____.A. hypocenterB. epicenterC. focusD. fault7. The quantity of offset that occurs along a fault is termed _______.A. fault gougeB. the fault gaugeC. displacementD. accumulation8. The intersection between a fault plane and the ground surface is called the ______.A. dip lineB. plungeC. fault traceD. seismic interface9. The repetition of stress build-up and release is termed ______.A. faultingB. elastic-rebound theoryC. stick-slip behaviorD. earthquake10. A fault slip due to an earthquake stops by friction.A. TrueB. False11. Aftershock