Sediments: loose mineral grainsWeathering: processes that break up and corrode preexisting solid rocksa. Physical : frost wedging , jointingb. Chemical : hydrolosis, oxidationsedimentary rocks: clastic, biochemical, organic, chemicalclastic: weathering,erosion, transportation, depostition, lithificationSedimentary structures: ripple marks, dunes, cross beds, graded beds, strategic formationSedimentary environments: glacial, mountain streem, desert, river, lake, delta beach, shoolow-marine, deep marine, shallow-water carbonateMetamorphism: one kind of rock transforms into a different kind of rockProcess: recrystallization, phase change, neocrystalization, pressure solution and plastic deformationCauses: heating, pressure, compression, shear, hot waterRock types: foliated and non foliatedIntensity: high graded vs low gradedEnvironments: thermal or contact, burial, dynamic, dynamothermal, hydrothermalThe rock cycle: progressive transformation of earth materials from one rock type to another, then another, and so onElastic-rebound theory: stress build-up, elastic deformation, fault slipEarthquake cycle: stick- slip behavior, foreshocks, aftershocksSeismic waves: body waves (p&s), surface waves (Love and Rayleigh)Epicenter location: S-P time, epicenter distance, intersection from 3 stationsThe size of an earthquake: modified mercalli intensity, richter magnitude scale, moment-magnitude scale** p is faster than s***seismic wave propagation: diff velocities in diff rock types, no s waves in a liquid, slow P in a liquid, reflection, refractiondiscoveries: the moho, the core mantle boundary, liquid outer core, solid inner coreapplications; velocity-depth profile, seismic reflection profilefaults: normal, reverse, thrust, strike-slipearthquake locations: divergent, transform, convergent, contential rifts, collision zones, intraplateearthquake damage: ground shaking (4 factors), landslides, liquefaction, fire, tsunamisearthquake prediction:long term: seismic zones, recurrence intervals, seismic hazard mapsshort term: foreshock detection, ground deformation monitoring, other changes ( not confirmed)earthquake safety rules: drop, cover, hold ondeformation: a process by which rocks break or bendbrittle vs ductile (temp, oressure, deformation rate, composition)strain: stretching, shortening, shearingstress: compression, tension, shear stress, pressuregeologic structure: joints, faults, folds ( anticline, syncline, monocline, plunging fold, dome, basin), foliationsisostasy: an equilibrium conditionbuoyancy force equals gravitational forcelocations of mountain ranges: convergent boundaries, continental collision zones, continental rift zonesGPS observation of mountain building1.when jointing breaks, a large block of rock into smaller pieces, the surface area ________, so chemical weathering happens _______.Increases, faster2. Clastic sedimentary rocks are primarily classifies on the basis of _______.grain size3. Which of the following is not included in the clastic sedimentary process?WeatheringEvaporationDepositionCompactionCementation4. the principal compound making up limestone is CaCO3. Which mineral type is dominant in limestone?Carbonates5. which environment would most likely produce sedimentary deposits characterized by very well sorted and very well rounded grains that are nearly pure quartz?Beach6. which of the following is not a metamorphic process?RecrystallizationPhase changeNeocrystillizationPressure solutionElastic deformation7. compared to low graded metamorphic rocks, high grade rocksAre produced at greater temp and greater pressures8. which list properly orders metamorphic rocks from lowest to highest grade?Slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss9. _______ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of marble.limestone10. _____ refers to the progressive transformation of earth material from one rock type to anotherrock cycle11. a surface along which rock on opposed sides is offset by earthquake induced slip is called a ___fault12. the point on earth’s surface directly above the point where an earthquake occurs is termed the ___.Epicenter13.which type of seismic wave travels fastestp-wave14. which of the following statements is not true?P waves Propagate perpendicular to the vibration.15. to find the epicenter of an earthquake, we use the fact that _____p waves are faster than s waves16. an earthquake with magnitude 8.0 is ______ greater in ground motion than an earthquake with magnitude of 4.0ten thousand times17. earthquakes are likely to occur along ____.All three major types of plate boundaries18. tsunami waves become higher as they approach coastal areas because ____the depth of the sea floor decreases19. to predict an earthquake, geologists ______.Measure ground deformation, identify epicenterMeasure age of rocks by radiocarbon dating, examine land forms and sedimentary strata20. the core mantle boundary was discovered by identifying ap- wave shadow zone21. a hot body of rock is more likely to exhibit ____ than is a cold body of rock.Ductile deformation22. what type is the above fold??Plunging anticline23. which of the numbered surface layers is the oldest (1,2,3,4)1 (below are older than above)24. the balance between the weight of a mountain range and the buoyancy provided by the underlying mantle is termed _______isostatic equilibrium25.which of the following has a different mechanism for mountain building?The HimalayasThe alpsThe andesThe appalachiansIn Class Exam review 10/10/2013Sediments: loose mineral grainsWeathering: processes that break up and corrode preexisting solid rocksa. Physical : frost wedging , jointingb. Chemical : hydrolosis, oxidation sedimentary rocks: clastic, biochemical, organic, chemical-clastic: weathering,erosion, transportation, depostition, lithificationSedimentary structures: ripple marks, dunes, cross beds, graded beds, strategic formationSedimentary environments: glacial, mountain streem, desert, river, lake, delta beach, shoolow-marine, deep marine, shallow-water carbonateMetamorphism: one kind of rock transforms into a different kind of rockProcess: recrystallization, phase change, neocrystalization, pressure solution and plastic deformationCauses: heating, pressure, compression, shear, hot waterRock types: foliated and non foliatedIntensity: high graded vs low gradedEnvironments: thermal or contact, burial, dynamic, dynamothermal, hydrothermalThe rock cycle: progressive transformation of earth materials