ATOC 1060 1nd EditionBased on Chapter 3&4 Lecture 9Outline of Last Lecture I. Atmospheric CirculationA. 3 Cell ModelII. Influence of seasons and heat capacity on global temp and precipitation patternsA. Global-HC sinking deserts sub tropicsIII. Intro to ocean Circulation and coupled atmosphere –ocean phenomena (El Nino)Outline of Current Lecture I. Ocean CirculationA. Surface Ocean Circulation driven by windB. Deep Ocean Circulation- Driven by differences in Water DensityII. Coupled Climate VariabilityA. El Nino Southern OscillationB. Tropical Pacific East West Ocean Atmospheric circulationC. How does it workD. Impacts on the Extra Tropics?Current LectureI. Ocean CirculationDirect solar heating DOES NOT drive the surface ocean circulation because if you heat the ocean surface it is more stableSurface Ocean Circulation Due to Winds & Continental BoundariesDriven by atmospheric windsAffected by the Coriolis effect (Currents deflect right in Northern HemisphereThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Convergence: Masses converge go into each other and the surface layer thickensDivergence: Masses diverge away from each other and the surface layer thins creating an upwellingEkman Spiral= Coriolis effect + friction= Net Water column movement is perpendicular to windConsequence: Convergence turns into a clockwise GyreOcean Surface is not flat- Thermal expansion causes warm water to be higher than cold water - Convergence causes water to pile up in the center of GyresOcean Salinity: Ionic Salt Concentration in Sea WaterDeep Ocean Circulation - Driven by water density differences- Cold and Salty water is dense and sinks at high- latitudes- Thermohaline circulationII. Coupled Climate VariabilityEast West Tropical Pacific Ocean Circulation- Accumulation of warm surface water- Thickening of surface layer- Strong easterly winds- Upwelling of cool water- Strong easterly winds drag warm water west- Convective loopThermocline: Steep density gradient due to temperature El Nino- Happens if water in tropical Pacific gets really warm- Easterly winds weaken or reverse direction- We will then have warm water in the Central Pacific- Increased convection- Can affect weather in mid latitudes by changing locations of