ATOC 1060 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture -Weather and climate -Effects of Co2 in the atmosphere -Levels rising, fossil fuels are responsible, surface temperatures increasing-Sea Ice is meltingOutline of Current Lecture I. Equilibrium TemperatureA. Energy in Energy outII. Observed Greenhouse GassesA. Changes, sources, lifetimesIII.Ozone Hole A. Discovery, cause, solutionCurrent LectureI. Equilibrium TempEarthObserved temps of Earth 288KEquilibrium temperature= 255KGreenhouse Effect 34KEnergy in(absorbed from the sun)=Energy out (energy radiated to space)1) Set Energy In = Energy OutIncoming Solar Energy = Outgoing Heat EnergyS*(1-A)*πR2 = 4πR2kTe4where:S = solar constant (Wm-2)A = albedo (unitless)R = planet radius (m)K = Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67 x 10-8 Wm-2K-4Te = equilibrium temperature (K)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Planet Earth: Albedo= 0.3, Solar Constant=1361 Wm-2, Te= 255 K.II. Greenhouse Gasses-Greenhouse Gas concentrations are increasing in the atmosphere due to human activities.-The air bubbles from the Ice Cores show increases in Nitrous oxide (N2O) and Methane (CH4)Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)Are all greenhouse gasses we use for coolants (refrigerators)III. O-ZoneStratospheric O3 (90%) “good ozone”, protects us from sun’s UV Without protective ozone layer, certain wavelengths of shortwave radiation penetrate troposphere and adversely affect many organisms (and cause cancer in humans)Tropospheric O3 (10%) “bad ozone”, not good to breathe Tropospheric ozone is created by chemical reactions between air pollutants from vehicle exhaust, gasoline and other emissions (and is toxic to people and plants).O-zone Hole-First reported by Joseph Farman’s ground measurements from Halley Bay. Perils of preconceptions = first ozone-measuring satellite (TOMS) didn’t report the hole!Dobson Units = measure of total-column ozone = the number of molecules of ozone that would be required to create a layer of pure ozone 0.01 millimeters thick at a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius and a pressure of 1 atmosphere (the air pressure at the surface of the Earth)Cause of the Ozone1. We make chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and emit them into our atmosphere. 2. Sunlight breaks up CFCs releasing Chlorine (Cl). 3. Chlorine reacts with ozone and destroys stratospheric ozone. Entirely manmade Ozone-depleting Substances Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Hydrochloroflourocarbons (HCFCs) Why do we want to understand Components, couplings, and feedbacks? -To understand the stability of the system as a whole -So we can predict and plan for natural and anthropogenic