ATOC 1060 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 10Lecture 1 (August 26)- Keeling Curve: increase in CO2 increasing generally, but has annual cycle due to seasons in N hemisphere.- The problem is that CO2 is becoming more and more of an issue. More CO2 means the earth is getting hotter in temperature- Fossil fuels to blame- Current CO2 levels are 400ppm (parts per million)- Sea Ice is sheets of ice that sit on the ocean Lecture 2 (August 28)- Greenhouse effect is a necessity to heat up the Earth- energy coming in from the sun, and radiating out as infrared from the Earth. - S(1-A)pieR2 = 4pieR2kT4- Albedo is how much light something reflects If the Albeto is higher it means more light is being reflected- Increase of N20, Ch4 and CO2 greenhouse gasses- we found this in Air bubbles that get trapped in ice cores- 56% CO2, 32% methane, then CFCs and N2O- CO2 has a long lifespan, methane's is short. Methane is much stronger than CO2 - CO2 comes from fossil fuel burning, deforestation.Methane from agriculture and live-stock. - N2O from fertilizers, deforestation. CFCs from refrigerators- Ban of CFC because it was helping cause the Ozone HoleThe Ozone Hole- It is mostly in the stratosphere ( good" ozone) “- It protects us from UV rays and sunburns and skin cancer- Some of it is in the troposphere (where we are) and is bad" ozone.“Lecture 3 (September 2)Positive Feedbacks: a cycle that keeps reinforcing itself.- Event A causes event B, and then event B causes event A again and so on. Examples:Sea-ice Albedo feedback: sea ice melts, ocean is darker than ice, so it absorbs moreenergy/light from the sun, warming the ocean and melting more ice.I have a lot of homework, so I stay up late, then I don't get enough sleep, and I missclass, so I have more studying and homework to make up, then I don't get enoughsleepNegative Feedbacks: a cycle that stops itself from continuing. - Event A causes event B, and then B causes the opposite of A, so things even out. Examples:O2 levels in the atmosphere increase, many plants grow faster with higher CO2levels, so more CO2 gets taken out of the atmosphere and sequestered in plantmatter.Stable Equilibrium: Created and maintained with negative feedbacks. Things won'tchange unless something big happens. - Analogy: ball at bottom of valley; will move if you push it enough, but tends to return back to normal.Unstable Equilibrium: Can result from positive feedbacks. Can change easily, barelyresting on an edge. - Analogy: ball on top of hill, balanced for now, but a little windwould send it down and it wouldn't return on its own.Daisy WorldPlanet covered in white daisies More daisies means higher albedo which casues cooling, Fewer daisies causes lower albedo and warmingDaisies reduce the global mean temperature. But once the temperature exceeds the optimum temperature for growing daisies, they start to die and keep dying more and more until there are no more daisies.Lecture 4 (September 4)- Stefan-Boltzman Law: E = oT4, - This is a negative feedback. The Earth gets hotter, which causes it to emit more radiation, which cools it. - There is still net warming, but it is not as much as it would be if the emissions from the Earth did not increase.- Electromagnetic Spectrum: 400nm to 800nm Visible light- Infrared, microwaves, radio have longer wavelengths than visible. - UV, X rays,gamma rays have shorter wavelength. - Within the visble spectrum the closer to blue or violet something is, the shorter the wavelength and the closer to red something is, the longer the wavelengthLecture 5 (September 9)How the Greenhouse Effect Works- They absorb the radiation that is emitted from the surface of the Earth and keep it fromescaping to space. - They trap some of the radiation that the Earth is trying to emit. - Greenhouse gases mostly asborb the wavelengths that Earth emits (infrared) and not shorter wavelengths like visible and UV, which is why they do not stop radiation from coming in from the sun and only stop radiation from going back out to space.- Certain wavelengths of radiation excite the molecules (by spinning or bending them usually), so energy gets absorbed by the molecule. - Things like N2 and O2 are not greenhouse gases because they are symmetrical two-atom molecules so there is no bending or spinning to be done.- Clouds also help with greenhouse effect - The water molecules in the clouds prevent shortwave radiation from escaping to space.- Really thick clouds can block sunlight, so whether clouds warm or cool depends on height and thickness of the cloud.Lecture 6 (September 11)- Blackbody radiation: black bodies perfectly absorb and emit all radiationradiation. It depends on temperature. - All objects emit radiation dependent on their temperature- Radiation: An electromagnetic wave, and a collection of particles called photons.- The Distance from the sun (inverse square law) and the angle at which the sunlight hits the surface effect the flux- Inverse Square Law S = S0( r0/r )^2.- Wien's Law: max = 2898/TLecture 7 (September 16)Radiative Convective Model (RCM): - Vertical differences in the atmosphere and we can look at vertical structure. This model accurately predicts the greenhouse effect at 33K (actual effect is 34K). - If we use this model to predict the temperature increase that would result from a CO2 concentration increase from 300ppm to 600ppm we get a 1.2K increase in global temperature- No account for circulation, clouds, etc.Global Climate Model (GCM): - numerical model using laws of physics. - Breaks the Earth's surface into a grid and solves the equations for each grid square - The tighter the grid (smaller squares, lines closer together), the more accurate the model.- GCM is broken into components (like land, ice, ocean, etc) which interact. - If we use this model to predict the temperatureincrease due to doubling of CO2 from 300ppm to 600ppm, we get a range from 2.1K to 4.7K, depending which model we use.Water Vapor Positive Feedback: - More warming = more evaporation = more water vapor = more warming (because water vapor is a greenhouse gas) And reverse forcooling.Sea Ice Albedo Positive Feedback: - warming = sea ice melting = lower albedo = more warming. And reverse for cooling.Cloud Feedback: - Warming = more evaporation = more clouds- More clouds means higher albedo (cooling), but also more water vapor (warming),