V. BURSAE & TENDON SHEATHSC. Articular capsuleD. DislocationsC. Two degrees of freedomG. MenisciVIII. Other Clinical Terms & DisordersINTRODUCTION TO JOINTS AND ARTICULATIONSLearning Goals1) Define joint (articulation).2) Define the movement types of joints: synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, diarthrotic. 3) List the three general categories of joints.4) Describe the general structure of fibrous joints; identify the three main types of fibrous joints and give examples of each, indicating the degree of movement for each type.5) Describe the general structure and function of cartilaginous joints; identify the two main subtypes of cartilaginous joints and give examples of each, indicating the degree of movementfor each.6) Describe the general structure and function of synovial joints; identify the six main subtypes of synovial joints (classified by shape) and give examples of each, indicating the degree of movement for each. 7) Demonstrate all movements allowed by synovial joints including one type of gliding, 5 types of angular movements, 3 types of rotation, and 11 special movements that do not fit into the previous categories. 8) Differentiate between circumduction and rotation.9) Explain and diagram the following basic structural features of synovial joints: articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerves, vessels, and articular disc or meniscus.10) Explain the function of synovial fluid.11) Compare bursae and tendon sheaths; explain the structure and function of these associated synovial joint structures.12) Identify several important synovial joints, including knee and shoulder. Describe the type of joint based on shape, explain movements allowed, describe location, structure, and function, and any other significant features.13) Based on the structure of the synovial joints, predict why they are capable of certain types of movement (e.g., hinge joint can only do extension/flexion).14) Discuss disorders and injuries of joints including types of arthritis, bursitis, tendinitis, sprains, and dislocations. Others may be discussed in lecture.OutlineI. CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS A. Articulations B. Two ways to classify joints: i. Structure a. Fibrous Joints: b. Cartilaginous Joints: c. Synovial Joints: ii. Movementa. Synarthrosesb. Amphiarthroses c. Diarthroses II. FIBROUS JOINTS A. Suture B. SyndesmosisC. Gomphosis III. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS A. SymphysisB. Synchondrosis IV. SYNOVIAL JOINTSA. Structure i. ligaments ii. articular (joint) capsule iii. synovial membrane iv. synovial fluid v. joint cavity vi. articular cartilage vii. nerves & vesselsviii. articular discs (some)B. Rheumatoid arthritisC. Movements at Synovial joints. i. Glidingii. Angulara. Flexionb. Extensionc. Abductiond. Adductione. Circumductioniii. Rotationa. Rotationb. lateral & medial rotationiv. Special movementsa. supination/pronationb. Inversion/eversionc. dorsiflexion/plantar flexiond. protraction/retractione. elevation/depressionf. oppositionD. Kinds of Synovial Joints i. Hinge: ii. Pivot: iii. Plane/ Gliding: iv. Condyloid (Ellipsoidal): v. Saddle: vi. Ball and Socket: V. BURSAE & TENDON SHEATHSA. BursaB. Tendon sheathC. Bursitis & tendinitisD. Carpal Tunnel SyndromeVI. SHOULDER JOINTA. Ball and socket jointB. Glenoid labrumC. Articular capsulei. Ligaments ii. TendonsD. Dislocations VII. KNEE JOINTA. Patella-femoral joint B. Tibiofemoral jointC. Two degrees of freedomD. Functioni.Stabilityii. MobilityE. Capsule 2 layeredF. LigamentsG. MenisciH. Common clinical conditionsVIII. Other Clinical Terms & DisordersA. SprainB. Dislocation C. OsteoarthritisD. Gouty