Assignment 1:Supposed to use the article from lab day and use other readings and try to bring in lecture material as well.Bring in a 2nd intervention and use scientific evidence to support your rationaleSupposed to say here’s an intervention and how I’m going to integrate itAnd here is how it will workReally follow grammar stuff, APA, they are paying attention to thatAssignment 2:If we can’t say abstinent all weekend talk about it. That would mean if you had a drink. Prof will look over rubric to see if we need research for this one. Mostly class material.TopicsCocaine and meth follow-upCaffeine, nicotine, and ADHD medicationsGoalsBecome familiar with commonly used stimulants, their effects, and consequencesUnderstand aspects of treating stimulant addiction and using stimulants as treatmentsCocaine: Mechanism of actionStimulates Release and Blocks reuptake of neurotransmittersDopamineSerotoninNorepinephrineEpinephrineVideo: 3D version of synapses in the brainThat video talked about reuptake. Cocaine prevents the process of dopamine getting back into the receptors. So there is just a bunch of dopamine.Most common forms of cocaine: powder and rock form.Cocaine hydrochloride (HCL)Stable water-soluble saltSnorted, dissolved and injectedFreebase and crack cocaineDissolved cocaine HCL alkali solutionLowers melting pointLowering melting point is less heat so you waste less of the drug.Main motivation of this is that the high from smoking is more intense and more quickly than just snortingAmphetaminesClassically people call this speedAdderall, VyvanseMethamphetamines and Dextromethamphetamines“Crank”, “Crystal”, “Ice”, “Crystal meth”Amphetamine Congeners (Kahn-jen-err) “prescribed amphetamines”E.g., Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta), CylertImportant thing to know is that amphetamines are synthesized they are not natural they are produced in a laboratory.Video about a guy who has used meth and cocaine and talks about the differences between the two. Meth has more neurotoxicity. Researcher is the director of the national institute on drug abuse.The guy in the video claims that meth gives some buzz like cocaine but also that it lasts longer and costs less than cocaine.When not on it you feel abnormal. You want to get some to get back to normal feeling.As people who take meth and get older putting selves at risks for neurological diseasesBrain also looks like the brain of a 60 year oldCan self deceive to you that the drug hasn’t done anything bad.If the man can stay clean for over a year his brain could cure itselfMeth vs. cocaineCocaine has a brief, intense rushAmphetamines last much longerSimilar mechanisms of action, but also blocks enzymes that metabolize neurotransmittersGenerally less expensiveMore neurotoxic than cocaineReason they are different is that amphetamines block re-intake but also block them from being degraded. When neurotransmitters are in the synapse they will cause more cell activity. Will cause neurons to fire. Eventually if they hang in synapse not being neutered. Hang out in synapse longer because they won’t be degraded.Cocaine and meth have similar undesired effectsPsychological and socialAcute psychosisSerious crash, severe depressionAssociated with property crime and violenceMedicalInfectious diseases, malnutritionHeart muscle damage, unexpected heart failureDeformations: sores, nasal septum, teethCan even start seeing things.When people are paranoid no matter what is done to counter it, it doesn’t work.Cocaine is a drug that people binge on. The high is short and then you feel withdrawal effects, which cause people to take more of the drug to avoid the withdrawal effects. Unfortunately then that new level makes people feel more withdrawal.Both of these drugs lead to severe depressionPeople do commit crime to get money for these drugsIf you snort meth you can loose blood flow to the face and then develop deformations of the faceIClicker questionWhich of the following drugs was shown in a study to enhance flight performance in flight simulator training among healthy pilots?Donepezil and other Alzheimer’s medicationsNeurocognitive enhancementExecutive function enhancementAttention, working memory, inhibitory controlAmphetamines and congenersMemory enhancementFuture of prescription drug misuse?Help people control impulses.Drugs that are prescribed for these purposes are Ritalin and AdderallEven though drugs used as study drugs, some of these drugs used to treat conditions in old age may start to be use in the next generation of drug misuse for neurocognitive enhancement.DSM-5 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)Predominately inattentive presentationPredominately hyperactive/impulsive presentationCombined presentation (both of the above)People ask why give someone with this a stimulant.Tendency to gaze off if inattentive presentationUsual age for this is 7-12 or olderADHDHas given rise to several theories of etiologyDopamine depletionDeficits in executive, “new brain” functionsLimits in working memory (not intelligence)Theorized mechanisms of actionStimulant medications increase dopamine, potentially restoring functionsReleases serotonin, possibly calming effectBehavioral treatments also effectiveNow theories are being developed about what are the mechanisms of ADHD itself.Drugs improve working memory. Do we really know that is specifically how the drug works? No. We can’t be completely sure but we can develop theories about it.People with ADHD do not have intelligence deficits; it is just that problem with executive functioning can be addressed.Performance enhancement for academic achievementIn what instances is it okay to use drugs for neurocognitive enhancement?What restrictions should society place on the use of neurocognitive enhancers?What do we think?Donepezil and other Alzheimer’s medications maybe give to people with high risk at an earlier age. Maybe that would help.Maybe problem for children to sit in school for 8 hours a day. Current medical use of these drugs may be unethical. We set up class environments that may not be stimulating enough or don’t cater to needs or learning preferences of adolescents.Distributive justice or things not fairly distributed.Some kids who use it really need it.For exam some people have pills and want to study together? Is that issues of fairness? In order to use those substances safety it would be wise to go through some process to make sure its okay to take that drug.