1History of PsychologyThe Past, The Present, The FutureOrigins• Comes from the the philosophical underpinnings of three groups (3p’s)• Philosophy• Physics• PhysiologyPhilosophers• Simonedes (500bc)• First person to point out the importance of organization and memory.Socrates (460-399bc)• “Early philosopher– “One thing only I know, and that is I know nothing.”• Philosophy begins when one learns to doubt (especially one’s cherished beliefs).• There is no real philosophy until the mind begins to examine itself. “Know Thyself”Developed a questioning style that ultimately was called the Socratic Method.Included the demand for accurate definitions, clear thinking and exact analysis.Hippocrates (460bc)• Called the Father of Medicine• Developed a new method of inquiry Careful observation and the collection and interpretation of facts.• Method could be incorporated into physical, mental, and emotional reactions of individuals.• Was a major advance over magic, superstition, & supernatural powers.2Pioneered the application of systematic observation to the study of human nature and experience.Was a very knowledgeable physician for his time• Used detailed case histories.• Dissected dead bodies.• Used dream analysis to analyze emotional disorders.• Developed the Hippocratic oath for physicians. Theory of the Four HumorsHumor Symptom1. Blood Overly enthusiastic or sanguine .2. Phlegm Slow, sluggish, lethargic, indifferent.3. Black Bile Depressed, melancholic temperament.4. Yellow Bile Aggressive, choleric .Plato (427-437bc)• Was a Nativist• Believed individuals had innate knowledge• Teach individuals by the Socratic method--bring out innate ideas by asking the right questions. Everything is in there. All you have to do is ask the right questions.• Believed knowledge existed in two worlds.World of Phenomena Was a sensory world.But was like shadowsSo we could not contact it directly.. Are external ideas inherent in every personWorld of Forms• Are external ideas inherent in every person• This world was unchanging and external • Was known through reasoning .(NOT SENSORY EXPERIENCE)3Ultimately• Knowledge was the possession of truth.• But knowledge relied on reasoning Not Sensory Experience.• Brain is the seat of perceptionAristotle (384-322bc)• Disagreed • All knowledge comes from the • senses and through experience. • The mind is like a blank writing tablet - Tabula Rasa• Knowledge should be based on observations of the external worldAnticipated Two Laws of LearningContiguity• If two things are touching in space and time, one will bring the other to mind . (Associative)Similarity and Contrast• If two things are similar, one will bring the other to mind.• If two things are opposite, one will bring the other to mind. • Agreed with Hippocrates that mental illnesses come from physical causes. • Heart (not the brain) was the main organ of sensory experience.• The brain was to reduce heat for the body. (Error lasted 1500 years)4Roman EmpireGalen (129-199)• Most prolific and influential medical author after Hippocrates.• Strong experimental approach.• Writings became dominant, authoritative sources on biology, psychology, and medicine throughout the middle ages.• Recapitulated the principle discoveries ofHippocrates.• Also experimented extensively on animals (monkeys).Described muscles of the eyes, jaw, head, etc.Did not believe the heart was a muscle.Assigned the sensory nerves of the brain.Described in detail parts of animal brainsAsserted that arteries are filled with blood not air.Diagnosed cases of TB.Attributed mental illnesses to both physical and psychological factors such as alcoholism, brain injuries, and shocking life experiences.Key for GalenScientific Investigation Is The Way.Quintilian• Advocated theories of learning that have been implemented in many schools today.Educational Methods Should• Emphasize logical reasoning from premises to conclusions.• Systematic repetition and recall of facts.• Mastery of subject matter from simple to complex elements.• Rewards such as praise for intellectual achievements. • Practice in free self-expression.• Adaptation of instruction to the interests and capacities of pupils.5Second Century AD• Roman Empire Begins to Decline• Rise in ChristianityThird Century AD• Constantine • Issues the Edict of Milan (313)• Secures the toleration of Christianity• Problem - Heresy was born– Christianity demanded ucompromiseingadherence to one God– Sin becomes very important.Implications forPhilosophical Thought• How could reasoning bring body passions under control.• Reasoning made humans morally accountable. • Humans were clearly distinguished from animals who were presumed not to have reasoning ability.• Emphasis on the afterlife made people suspicious of natural phenomena that could affect.Augustine 354-430• Developed Neoplatoism• Believed there was a distinction between the sensory world and the world of forms.• However, also embraced Christianity• Result Changed Plato’s ideas subtlyDistinguished between a• Sensory World - known through the sense organs• Intelligible World (Mind) - known through the soul - Christianity•Was a small but very important stepPlato Ultimate truth is found through reasoning Augustine Ultimate truth is found through faith6After Augustine• Neoplatonism colored every aspect of medieval thinking. • Everything was part of God’s world. First sacking of Rome• Continual Invasions from the Barbarian Tribes• 475 Rome finally fallsDark or Early Middle Ages (475 – 1000)• Formerly called the Dark Ages• Today is called the Early Middle Ages• Creative thinking declines• Little Scholarship from what had occurred during the Roman Empire• General reduction of knowledge and writing in Western Civilization Philosophy would have been lost except was preserved by translations made by Islamic scholars Many works were translated8-12thCentury• Islamic scholars preserved the knowledge of philosophy and science of the Greeks and Romans. Not western civilization• Some major changes occurred. Heavy PlowModern Horse-HarnessMajor rise in Christianity7Christianity helped with several things• Turned away from the observable world that was full of pain and turmoil.• Used introspection to know the soul.• By seeking knowledge within oneself, you came to know