1Psychological TestingMany Types of Tests• Many are related to testing of personality types, behavior, or intelligence.Personality Tests• Are many types of tests.• Generally each category of tests are related to the dominant theory of the time.Projective Tests• Are an offshoot of psychoanalytic theories.Rorschach Inkblot Test• Consists of 10 symmetrical inkblots• Some are multicolored• Some are black and white• You are asked to see what the inkblot is.• What the inkblot might be.• Then the person is quizzed on their responses.2Scoring• Is based on four categoriesA. Location– Portion of the blot that is used in the response– Whole dot vs. small detailB. DeterminantsAttributes of the stimulus that are the basis of the response.– Form, shading, or color that is described– Also movement• Content– What the subject sees, Not where or how they see it• Human figures or parts, • Animals or parts• Blood• Plants• Etc.• Popularity – Whether the person gives responses that are unusual or outside the mainstream of responses.Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)• In the Rorschach, the content is a secondary concern.• In the TAT, the content is the primary focus.Emphasis is placed on the Person’s• Motives• Preoccupations• Defenses• Conflicts• Ways of interpreting the world TAT Consists of:• 10-20 pictures examining various scenes of things, pictures, or people.• Subjects are asked to tell a story about each picture.– Describe what is happening– What led up to the scene– What the outcome will be– What the characters are thinking or feeling Scoring and Interpretation• Look at trends emerging from all of the scenes (not just one).• Stories suggest a hypothesis.• The hypothesis is then elaborated on or discarded after additional information is obtained.3Children’s Apperception Test• Consists of cartoons or pictures of animals or humans in in various family situations.• Scoring is the same as TAT.Sentence Completion Test• Fill in the incomplete sentences• E.g..My mother _____________ .My father ______________ .My mother “Washes the dishes.”My father “Sweeps the floor.”Advantages of Projective Tests• The subject does not know how the test provides information to the tester.– Very difficult to engage in intentional deception.– Tests may be especially sensitive to unconscious, latent features of the personality.– Often enables a client to relax due to familiarity of what psychologists do.– Is good to establish initial rapport and trust.–Problems• Responses are often difficult to interpret.• Interpretations are often very subjective.• Poor reliability• Poor validitySecond Type of Personality TestsSelf-Report InventoriesMinnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI)• Is the most frequently used personality test by clinical psychologists.• Has been involved in more that 10,000 empirical studies.• Is designed to aid clinicians in the diagnosis of psychological disorders.– Includes traits such as – Paranoia– Depression– Schizophrenia– Others4Consists of• 567 true/false questions• Yields scores on 14 subscales– 9 scales measure aspects of personality– I scale measures masculinity-feminity– 4 scales are used for validity purposes• Determines if the person is lyingProblems• Many scales are intercorrelated– E.g., A person with depression• Will score high on depression• But will also score high on other scales too• Responses change over time– Is a reliability problem– Take one day, take a couple days later– Get different scores and the scales are different.California Personality Inventory CPI• Used only “Normal” individuals– Problem – What is “normal?”• Has 15 scales that measure personality.• 3 scales used to eliminate response bias• Has 480 true-false items (178 are taken from the MMPI).• Is written at a fourth grade level.• Gave the test to 13,000 individuals• Developed separate scores for males and females• Took mean scores for each scale• The client is then compared with the mean scores obtained from the original 13,000.• Informs the client how typical his or her answers are to the original group• Does not tell how healthy or unhealthy the client is.• Provides general information about personality traits – not used for diagnosisAdvantages of Self-Report Inventories• Provides objective and precise estimates of aspects of the personality.• Lots of studies have examined them (especially the MMPI).• Are easy to use5Problems with Self-Report Inventories• Deception Is possible for clients to intentionally fake a particular personality trait.• Social desirability bias Some individuals unconsciouslyrespond to questions in ways that make them look good.• Response Sets Is a systematic tendency to respond to test questions in a particular way and is unrelated to the content of the test items [Some people tend to agree with almost every statement. Some people tend to disagree with almost every statement.• Has low validity; Especially predictive validityMore Problems• Is dependent on the person’s accurate knowledge of their attitudes, beliefs, feelings, and behavior.• Is dependent on a persons willingness to disclose their knowledge of beliefs and feelings.• Rarely assesses the reasons behind the statements.Conclusions• First, it is hard to measure personality• Lots of tests try.– Problem:– Many tests have poor validity or reliability• Regardless, personality tests are used in many contexts. (employment)– Problem. False PositivesSay you have a problem when you actually do not.Can ruin your reputation or your life.Behavioral Tests• Insist on measuring objective behavior• Types of techniquesa.Self-Report questionnairesAsk specific questions about a behaviorb. Self-Monitoring• Client keeps track of own behavior in specific categories– Number of foods eaten– Number of hours spent studying• Records information on paper or uses counters• c. Direct Observation in Natural Settings• Is often used in hospital or school settings• d. Direct Observation in Artificial Situations• Subjects are shown scenes on a videotape and reactions are observed.• e. Behavioral interviews• Ask structured questions with specific statements• Collect specific data• No interpretation is usedAdvantages• Usually are highly reliable and valid• Can be used across a variety