1Personality TheoriesModels of Personality• Psychoanalytic• Behavioral• Biological• HumanisticPsychoanalytic• Developed out of the writings ofSigmund FreudHistory of the Model• Freud was a neurologist• Many of his patients suffered from a disorder called HysteriaHysteria• Had many symptoms that were both physiological and psychological• Blindness• CoughsDistortions• Convulsions• Gaps in Memory• Glove AnesthesiaCharcot• Noticed many physical symptoms of hysteria made no anatomical sense.• e.g., glove anesthesia• Tried to relate hysteria to hypnosis and suggestibility2Berhneim• Tried to remove hysterical symptoms with hypnosis.• Had some success but many failures• Also had symptom substitution• Remove leg paralysis but the patient becomes blind• Remove blindness and they become deafNew ApproachFreud and Breur• Both believed removing symptoms with suggestions was futile because the underlying cause was still there.• They hypothesized hysterical symptoms were a disguised means of keeping emotional memories locked up inside of you.When the memory of traumatic event occurs a release of dammed up emotions occurs -- Called CatharsisWhen memory of the event occurs, the problem goes away.Anna O• 21 years old with many symptoms• Under hypnosis, she could recall certain events of her past that seemed to be at the root of the problem• When this information was brought into active memory, the symptoms went away.Freud Eventually Abandoned Hypnosis3Used Free Association• Patients were told to say anything that entered the mind no matter • what it was. Freud considered all ideas were associated with emotions and that forgotten memories would eventually come out.• Initially workedNew Problem• Some patients didn’t comply with the request to tell everything.• There was resistance (of which the patient was unaware).• Resistance was a clue to what was important.Symptoms of Resistance• Patients tried to change the subject• Broke train of thought when close to recovery of an emotionally charged memory.• But eventually it would come out.Why did the Patient Resist?• Conclusion: It was the way some powerful force opposed the process of making the memory become conscious.• That is, thoughts, feelings, etc. were pushed out of the conscious part of the mind into our unconscious.• That is, you repressed a memory because it was too painful.Repression • Is a defense mechanism• When an unacceptable wish and thoughts associated with it are pushed out of consciousness to ward off intolerable pain. Repressed Wishes• Are linked to basic biological impulses or urges• Usually being in childhood• Usually the urges are sexual. But because of society constraints, they clash with the instinctual urges of the child4Found eventual recovery of a repressed memory led to further resistance that gave way to a repressed earlier memory.Ultimately, the process continued back into childhood.Freud believed repressed material was not eliminated but remained in the unconscious.Repressed Material • Exerted a powerful effect• Thus urges were pushed up from below.• These urges were fueled by biological urges that caused them in the first place.• When urges increased, caused more anxiety • Thus, the urges were pushed down again.Consequence• Never ending conflict• Conflicts caused a compromise where the censored wishes are • expressed – but in an acceptable form.• So, can have problems but you develop a censored solutionPsychoanalysis• Psychoanalysis means• Analyze conflicts• Discover the Origins• Remove the problemCame to believe the same mechanisms that caused symptoms or psychopathology also operated in normal people5Unconscious• Within the unconscious Freud believed there were three conflicting mechanisms in the personality.• These were not separate entities but were just names for three different reaction patternsID• Is the basic source that runs the personality• Is the most primitive• The other two mechanisms develop from the ID• Ego• SuperegoId• Id has the basic biological urges – to eat– to drink–.to eliminate wastes–.to be comfortable and warm–.to gain sexual pleasure• Id’s sole purpose is to seek immediate gratification of impulses • and reduce tension.•.Operates on the pleasure principle– seek pleasure and avoid painEGO• At birth, the infant is all ID• But the ID has to deal with facts• Some gratification only comes after a delay• The bottle isn’t always available• So the infant has to cryEgo• Ego is derived from the ID• Is concerned with Objective Reality• Id has impulsive drives but the Ego is the system that pursues the drives of the ID• Has to deal with the reality of the world• Postpones Gratification• Operates on the Reality PrincipleSuperego• Is the internalized representation of the values and morals of parents and society• Is essentially your conscience.• Judges whether your actions are right or wrong• Is concerned with moral ideas• When the ideas are broken anxiety develops6All Systems are Interrelated• Id has the monopoly on psychic energy and uses it for pleasure.• Ego and Superego postpone the energy and block it.Result• Id, Ego, and Superego are in conflict• Id wants something now• Ego is trying to delay it or figure out how to get it• Superego is making sure it is morally correct.Causes Problems and Anxiety• Forbidden acts by a child are associated with anxiety as the child is scolded or disciplined• Child feels threatened with the loss of love by the parent and becomes anxious• So the next time it is about to do something bad, it becomes anxiousAnxiety• Anxiety is unpleasant so the child tries to remove it• If the cause is external – the child runs away.• If the cause is internal -- the child must suppress the cause of the anxietyRepression• Is the primary defense mechanismHowever• Repression is often incomplete• Often thoughts or urges refuse to stay repressed• Thus other defense mechanisms developOther Defense Mechanisms• Projection• Displacement• Reaction Formation• Regression• Rationalization• Identification7Projection• Attribute your own thoughts or motives to another person• e.g., a person who hates their boss thinks they like their boss but the boss does not like themDisplacement• Divert emotional feelings from the original source to a substitute target• e.g.,