1Listen to the audio lecture while viewing these slidesPsychology 100Introduction to Psychology1Chapter 15: PsychotherapyModule 15.2: Insight Therapies2Psyc 100 Psyc 100 –– Introduction to PsychologyIntroduction to PsychologyInsight Therapies: Overview• Psychoanalysis• Special characteristics of psychoanalysis•Cognitive therapies• Rational-emotive therapy• Particular beliefs targeted by rational-emotive therapy• Beck’s cognitive therapy• Humanistic therapies• Client-centered therapy• What the client-centered therapist provides•Group therapy3Psyc 100 Psyc 100 –– Introduction to PsychologyIntroduction to PsychologyPsychoanalysis• Derived from Freud’s work• Goal: Bring hidden impulses, memories to surface of awareness• Intended to free patient from disordered thoughts, behaviors• Techniques:• Free association: Patient relaxes and freely expresses whatever comes to mind• Dream analysis: Determine latent content of dreams4Psyc 100 Psyc 100 –– Introduction to PsychologyIntroduction to PsychologySpecial Characteristics of Psychoanalysis• Resistance: Patient’s unconsciously motivated attempts to subvert or hinder therapy• Reflects the anxiety produced when unconscious conflicts, urges are exposed• Special form of resistance: Transference• Psychoanalysis is highly time-consuming• Psychodynamic therapy: Modern, streamlined version of psychoanalysis5Psyc 100 Psyc 100 –– Introduction to PsychologyIntroduction to PsychologyFig. 15.56Psyc 100 Psyc 100 –– Introduction to PsychologyIntroduction to PsychologyCognitive Therapies• Goal: Remove irrational beliefs, negative thoughts presumed to be responsible for psychological disorders•Example: Depression• Techniques:• Identify irrational beliefs, maladaptive interpretations of events• Challenge beliefs directly• Encourage more rational beliefs and interpretations27Psyc 100 Psyc 100 –– Introduction to PsychologyIntroduction to PsychologyFig. 15.68Psyc 100 Psyc 100 –– Introduction to PsychologyIntroduction to PsychologyRational Emotive Therapy (Ellis)• Therapist verbally assaults irrational thought processes almost like a cross-examiner• Can be harsh and confrontational at times• Some targeted beliefs:• “I must be loved and approved of by everyone”• “It’s awful when things are not the way I would like them to be”• “I should be very anxious about events that are uncertain or potentially dangerous”• “I am not worthwhile unless I am…” (competent, adequate, achieving, etc.)• “I need someone stronger on whom to depend or rely”9Psyc 100 Psyc 100 –– Introduction to PsychologyIntroduction to PsychologyBeck’s Cognitive Therapy• Less harsh and confrontational than rational-emotive therapy• Encourages clients to identify irrational thought processes themselves• Record keeping or “homework” is often used to pinpoint thought processes that lead to negative emotions10Psyc 100 Psyc 100 –– Introduction to PsychologyIntroduction to PsychologyFig. 15.711Psyc 100 Psyc 100 –– Introduction to PsychologyIntroduction to PsychologyHumanistic Therapies• Goal: Help clients gain insight into their fundamental self-worth, value as human beings• Techniques: • Offer support; act as a confidant or friend• Roger’s client-centered therapy is the most common approach; others include:• Gestalt therapy• “Empty-chair technique”• Existential therapies• Focus on fundamental choices in life12Psyc 100 Psyc 100 –– Introduction to PsychologyIntroduction to PsychologyClient-Centered Therapies• Client, not therapist, holds the key to psychological health, happiness• Problems stem from incongruence between self-concept, reality of everyday experiences• Others attach conditions of worth to approval, causing us to act inconsistently with true feelings313Psyc 100 Psyc 100 –– Introduction to PsychologyIntroduction to PsychologyWhat the Client-Centered Therapy Provides• Genuineness: Therapist is not “phony,”expresses feelings openly and honestly• Unconditional positive regard: Therapist does not place conditions of worth on client• Or: Accepts and respects client no matter how client behaves, no matter what client says• Empathy: Therapist tries to see things from the client’s perspective• Validation, not pity14Psyc 100 Psyc 100 –– Introduction to PsychologyIntroduction to PsychologyGroup Therapy• Form of therapy in which several people are treated simultaneously in the same setting• Advantages and special uses:• Cost effective• Can learn how others deal with similar problems• Can learn that you are not alone with psychological problems• Special form: Family therapy• Attempts to treat family as a social system, improve communication and