Psychology 110 Exam # 2 Study Guide Chapters 3, 4 and 6Chapter 3:Parts of the Limbic SystemThalamus: conveys sensory information to cortexHypothalamus: oversees endocrine and autonomic nervous systemAmygdala: regulates arousal and fearHippocampus: processes memory for spatial locationsStructure of the NeuronNeuron: nerve cell specialized for communication (most basic unit of communication)The cell body or soma is the central place for neurons. Dendrites are where the neuron differ from other cells. Dendrites listen and receive other information from other neurons. Axons are the long tail-like extension from the cell body, and are responsible for sending messages to other neurons. Axons also have terminals (synaptic vesicle) which contain neurotransmitters. These are chemical messengers that neurons use to communicate with each other. Neurotransmitters enter the Synapses, a miniscule fluid-filled space. After this neurons are quickly picked up by the dendrites.How an Action Potential occursAction potential: electrical impulses that travel down the axons triggering the release of neurotransmitters. Functions of the 4 cortex lobes:Frontal Lobe: performs executive functions that coordinate other brain areas, motor planning, language, memory. Parietal Lobe: processes touch information, integrates vision and touch Temporal Lobe: processes auditory information, language, and autobiographical memoryOccipital Lobe: processes visual information. Broca’s Area and Wernicke’s AreaBroca’s Area: language area in the prefrontal cortex that helps to control speech production. Wernicke Area: Part of the temporal lobe involved in understanding speechSomatic and Autonomic Nervous SystemsSomatic Nervous System: part of the nervous system that conveys information between the CNS and the body, controlling and coordinating voluntary movement. Autonomic Nervous System: part of the nervous system controlling the involuntary actions of our internal organ and glands (limbic system)Chapter 4Structure/parts of eyeVisible light has a wavelength, and we respond only to a narrow range of wavelengths of lightFront of the eyeballSclera: the white of the eyeIris: the colored part of the eyePupil: circular hole Pupillary Reflex: Reduction of pupil size in response to light Dilation: Pupil whitening Cornea: Part of the eye containing transparent cells that focus light on the retinaTransparent cells that focus on the corneaLens: Part of the eye that changes curvature to keep images in focusAccommodation: changing the shape of the lens to focus on objects near or farBack of the eyeRetina: membrane at the back of the eye responsible for converting light into neural activityThe intensity that reaches our eye tells us how bright something is Hue: the color of lightStructure/parts of earHearing is mechanical energy traveling through airOuter Ear: Funnels sound waves onto the eardrumMiddle Ear: Contains the ossicles (three tiniest bones in the human): hammer, anvil, and stirrup. This Vibrates and transmits the sound into the ear. The frequency changes the way we hear. Inner Ear: Hair cells where transduction of auditory take place. It Converts the acustic and feeds into the auditory nerve, which travels to the brainWhat is Perceptual ConstancyPerceptual Constancy: the process in which we perceive stimuli consistently across varied conditions.Subliminal Perception vs. Subliminal PersuasionSubliminal Perception: The processing of sensory information below the threshold of conscious awareness (you are aware)• Subliminal Persuasion: Subthreshold influences over our votes in elections, product choices, and life decisions (the word drink may influence us to take a sip but a word like cola will not change whether we take a sip or not) (you are not aware)What is Sensory Adaptation:Sensory Adaptation: when senses are activated is when its’ greatest, but after they start to decline.What are the Gestalt Principles:Gestalt Principles: are rules governed how we perceive objects as wholes within their overall context.Proximity: Objects physically close to each other tends to be perceived as unifiedwholes. Similarity: All things being equal, we see similar objects as comprising a whole, much more so than dissimilar objects.EX: if patterns of red circles and yellow circles are randomly mixed we perceive nothing special. But if the red and yellow circles are lined up horizontally, we perceive separate rows of circles.Continuity: we still see objects as wholes, even if other objects block part of them. Dilation/Pupillary Reflex:Dilation Reflex: this is the expansion of the pupil to let more light inPupillary Reflex: this decreases the amount of light let into the pupilTop-down/Bottom-up ProcessingTop-down: Conceptually driven processing influence by belief and experiences (starts offwith a belief or expectation and then turns to raw stimuli) (association cortex)Bottom-up: processing in which a whole is constructed from parts. (starts off with raw stimuli and synthesizes it into a meaningful concept.) (primary visual cortex)Chapter 6Identify the UCS, UCR, CS, CRUnconditional Stimulus (ucs): stimulus that elicits an automatic response Unconditional response (ucr): automatic response to a non-neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned.Conditioned Repsonse (cr): response previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus that is elicited through conditioning Conditioned Stimulus (cs): initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus.Little Albert example:Nine-month-old Albert was fond of furry little creatures such as rats, but one day Watson and Rayner decided to change that. When Albert was playing with the furry white rat Watson snuck up behind him and struck a gong with a steel hammer which caused Albert to cry. After about seven times of this Albert would start to cry when he saw the white rat. Eventually Albert would begin to cry when anything white would come towards him.UCS: Loud sound from GongUCR: cryingCS: White ratCR: crying Punishment:This is any outcome that weakens the probability of a response. (can be positive or negative)Positive: administering a stimulusNegative: taking away a stimulusKnow Classical conditioning and advertisingClassical Conditioning occurs in three phases:1. Acquisition: when we gradually learn or acquire the CR2. Extinction: process in which the CR decreases in magnitude and eventually disappears when the CS is repeatedly