Psyc 110Exam # 1 Study GuideLecture on Chapter 7What are the differences between these long term memories:- explicit and implicit memory:o Explicit requires a conscious effort and awareness to recall this information. Implicit memory is when you do not need to consciously recall, your brain will recall the information without effort. - Procedural and priming:o Both implicit memory, but procedural memory refers to how to do things such as motor skills and habits while priming refers to how quick or easy it is to remember previous encounters. - Semantic and Episodic:o Semantic memory is our knowledge and facts about the world and episodic is therecollection of these events. - Flash Bulb:o Flash bulb memory usually happens when an impacting event occurs and you recall exactly what you were doing and what was going on when this event happens. The difference between sensory, short-term, and long-term memory:- Sensory-the first to factor into memory. It is the brief moments of perception before going into short-term memory. Iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory)- Short-term-second factor into memory. Gives us the ability to hold on to the informationwe are currently thinking so that we may process the information properly. Decay (fading of info) and interference (loss of info because of incoming information).- Long-term- Third factor into memory. The retention of information stored regarding facts, experiences, and skills. What is encoding and after encoded how do you get the information out from storage?- Encoding is the process of getting information into our memory banks. Retrieval is what we call when you want to fetch a memory after encoding it. - Failures of retrieval: the memory is still there, but you cannot access it. The difference between recall, recognition, and relearning:- Recall-remembering previous information- Recognition-picking what to recall from your memory banks.- Relearning-reacquiring knowledge that you’ve previously learned, but have forgotten over time. What are the primacy and recency effects?- Primacy-tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list rather the middle.- Recency- tendency to remember words at the end of a list.What is the definition for Schema?- Schema- organized knowledge structure or mental model that we’ve stored in memory, similar to a script. (order of events)What are the difference between these encodings, mood-dependent learning, state-dependent learning, and context-dependent learning:- mood-dependent learning- easier to recall memories from that state of mind when you are in the same state of mind at the time. o Ex: easier to recall unpleasant memories when you are sad.- Context-dependent- when the external content of original memories matches the retrieval content. o Ex: students tend to do better on their exams when tested in the same classroomin which they learned the material. - State-dependent- This is the internal content. When you recall the information in the same state of mind when you were retrieving the information you are more likely to remember the information. What is the difference between memory span and duration?- Memory span is the amount of information your brain can hold and duration is how longit can hold the information. The difference between memory decay, proactive interference, and retroactive interference:- Proactive interference-when earlier learning gets in the way of new learning (old interferes with new)- Retroactive interference- When the new information interferes with the old - Decay- fading of information What is the paradox memory?- Paradox memory- This is the inability to recall memories properly in an emotional state. Lecture on Chapter 1What are the difference between naturalistic observation, case studies, self-report measures, correlational studies, and experiments.- Naturalistic Observation- Watching behaviors in real-world settings without tryingto manipulate the situation- Case studies-research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended period of time. - Self-reporting measures- questionnaire and surveys - Correlational studies- compare and examine/study which two variables are associated (can be anything)- Experiments- research design characterized by random assignments of participantsto conditions and manipulations of an independent variable. Fallacies:- “Emotional Reasoning” fallacyo When people use an appeal to your emotions to prove something is true- “Not me” fallacyo Applies to everyone but me- “Bandwagon” fallacyo Assuming something is true because majority follows it. What are the basics of Theoretical frameworks?- Structuralism-aimed to identify basic elements/structure (important to observe) - Functionalism- looked at the why/purpose- Behaviorism- the belief we could be shaped by our environment. General fundamental laws of learning and behavior- Psychoanalysis- the unconscious drives and thought and memories we are unawareof- Cognitivism- seeing the exact same thing as another, but interpret it different. (mostthriving approach for therapy)What is scientific theory and how does hypothesis play a role in the scientific theory?- Scientific Theory- explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world- Hypothesis- specific prediction derived from the explanations (testable or disproved) A good theory will create a lot of hypothesis. What is pseudoscience and what are the warning signs?- Pseudoscience- set of claims that seem scientific but are not.- Warning signs o Over use of ad immunizing hypothesiso Lack of self-correctiono Overreliance on anecdotes What are the biases;- Confirmation Bias- seeking out evidence to support our belief, denying evidence that contradict them- Belief perseverance- sticking to a belief even when evidence contradicts them- Overconfidence- tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct predictions. (cognitive bias)- Hindsight-tendency to overestimate how well we could have successfully forecastedknown outcomes. (cognitive bias)What is the naïve realism?- Naïve- Belief that we see the world precisely as it is ( we trust what we see is accurate or real).What is the difference between pareidolia and apophenia?- Pareidolia is seemingly meaningful images while apophenia is seemingly meaningfulconnections while both are unrelated or have meaningless stimuli/unrelated phenomena. What