Psych 110Exam 4 study guideChapter 12What are corticosteroids?Corticosteroids- These are hormones that activates the body and prepares us to respondto stressful circumstances. How does stress influence the immune system?Our body’s defense decreases against invading bacteria, viruses, and other potentially illness-producing organisms and substances.Our body lowers in skin phagocytes and Lymphocytes(T and B cells), which are both specialized white blood cells, and decreases in macrophages, which is what cleans up the mess in our bodies after an infection. Different Stress Responses are:o Women are more likely to tend and befriend, or seek social support and nurture when under stress, rather than males.o Oxytocin- “love bonding hormone” further counters stress and promotes the tend and befriend response. o Long-lasting stress can result in acute stress disorder or Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is when someone takes a dramatic turn and does something crazy because of an extremely stressful event in their life.oType A personality:These are the perfectionist of the worldSocial support and rates of mortality:Social support- encompasses interpersonal relations with people, groups, and the larger community. (higher levels associated with lower mortality rates)What are: problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, primary appraisals, and secondary appraisals:Problem-focused coping- coping strategy in which we tackle life’s challenges ahead. Ex: if you fail an exam you look to see how you can do better next testEmotion-focused coping- strategy in which we try to place a positive spin on our feelings or predicaments and engage in behavior to reduce painful emotion. Primary appraisals- initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful Ex: Will going to work hurt my grade on this test?Secondary appraisals- perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event that follows primary appraisal.Ex: If I go to work will I be able to find some time to study there?Stressful events:High risk: Young and unmarried people African Americans Low socioeconomic statusMisconceptions:o Rural vs. Urban areasClinician’s illusion- the overestimate of people with fragility and underestimate their resilience. What are: psychoneuroimmunology, psychophysiological, and biopsychosocial:Psychoneuroimmunology- the study of the relationship between the immune system and central nervous system. Ex: High levels of stress over the past year make you more susceptible to catching a cold virus. Ex: caring for someone with Alzheimer’s is associated with lesser ability to heal frominjury decreased blood clotting. Psychophysiological- concerned with the relationship between mental (psyche) and physical (physiological) processes. It is the scientific study of the interaction between mind and body.Ex: if you are stressed out about a test the next day, your body may not feel the need to eat.Biopsychosocial-The approach stating that biological, psychological and social factors, all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease or illness.Ex: If a kid is told he is too shy at a young age, he may go out of his way to be loud. When he does this his friends may think he is annoying and may ignore him or makefun of his. This causes him to shut down and be self-conscious, more than he was before, and possibly even depressed. Crisis debriefing and PTSD:o One of these sessions. 3-4 hours after a trauma is designed to ward off PTSD (make sure they feel safe and have them recreate the memory.)o Researchers say this is not effective and only increases rates of PTSD. Stages of general adaptation syndrome:Alarm reaction- autonomic nervous system is activated, stress hormones released and physical symptoms of anxiety begin (emotional brain within the limbic system, HPA axis and fight of flight response).Resistance- you adapt and find ways to cope with the stressorExhaustion- in prolonged stressors, our resistance can break down (causes physicaland/or psychological damage)Chapter 15Panic disorder: When someone experiences panic attacks that are repeated and unexpected, and when they experience persistent concerns about panicking or change their behavior. The panic attack can last 10 minutes with: sweating, dizziness, lightheadedness, racing heart, shortness in breathe, unreality, feeling of going crazy.  They may think they are having a heart attack.  They can happen in every disorder. Autism (autistic disorder): Severe deficits in language, social bonding, imagination, and usually comes with mental retardation.  Usually shows after the age of twoGeneralized anxiety disorder (GAD): Continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning.  Feel irritable, trouble sleeping, body tension a fatigue.  Worry about small things such as a meeting at work or party they are going to.  More likely to be femaleDissociative disorders: The idea that one person can have more than one identity.  Depersonalization disorder- when you feel you are not in real life, as though you are living in a dream or movie.  Dissociative amnesia- when someone cannot recall important personal info. Usually following a stressful situation.  Dissociative fugue- when someone flees from a stressful circumstance. Ex: Move to another city and assume a new identity. Dissociative identity disorder (DID) - condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states the recurrently take control of the person’s behavior. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): Chronic or recurrent state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood in a pleasurable time.  Symptoms: weight loss and sleep difficulties, fatigue, loss of energy, felling worthless, difficulty concentrating, suicidal ideation, Negative view of the future. Usually 5-6 episodes  Complex interplay of biological psychological, and social influences Life event such as loss Can cause interpersonal problems, cause lack of social support Cognitive model- depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations:o Personalization- id someone doesn’t smile back then think they hate you.o Over generalization- if one thing bad happens then everything is falling apart.  People with depression attribute failure internally and have global, stable attributions. (internally- if something goes wrong it’s your