PSYC 110Exam # 3 Study GuideLecture on chapter 13Spearman’s views on intelligence:- All intelligence test items are positively correlated, he thought, because they reflect the influence of overall intelligence. He wasn’t sure what produced the different G in individuals, but suspected it had something to do with “mental energy”. He proposed the existence of a factor called S or specific abilities, which are unique to each individual.(general intelligence and specific abilities)The triarchic model:- Analytical Intelligence – reason logically. Book smart- Practical intelligence – ability to solve real world problems. Social and emotional- Creative intelligence – ability to find new and effective answers to problems. Ex: music, art, ect.The Flynn Effect:- Finding that average IQ scores have been rising at a rate of approximately three points per decadeo Increased test sophistication Not becoming smarter, but more experienced in taking tests.o Increased complexity of the modern world Forced to process more information more quickly than parentso Better nutrition This is affecting primarily the lower and not the upper part of the bell curve. Nutrition is declining in the lower parts.o Changes at home and school Families have become smaller, allowing parents to devote more time to their children. Terman’s study:- Created Stanford-Binet IQ test. This was to establish a set of norms, or baseline scores in the general population from which they can compare to other scores. The IQ formula and the original purpose of IQ testing - Stanford-Binet Intelligence Quotient (IQ) o Mental Age in Years/Actual Age in Years) x 100 = IQ- It is used to predict academic performance What is eugenics:- Eugenics- movement in the early twentieth century to improve a population’s genetic stock by encouraging those with good genes to reproduce. This prevented those with bad genes from reproducing. Mental retardation/intellectual disability:- IQ were below 70. These people have inadequate adaptive functioning and will affect how you are as an adult. The more severe the mental retardation, the less likely it is to run in families.Reaction time vs. intelligence:- Intelligence correlates negatively with reaction time (people with high intelligence will have faster reaction) - Scores on working memory tasks are positively correlated with scores on intelligence tests.- Intelligence is more localized to certain areas of the cortex than othersEx: analytical is in the frontal lobeLecture on Chapter 10The stages of prenatal development: (steps of development from zygote to baby)- Zygote-sperm cell fertilizes an egg to produce this. (conception)- Germinal stage-zygote divides forming the Blastoyst. Cell continue to divide and becomes and embryo.- Embryonic stage- the second to eighth week, development of the limbs, facial features, and major organs (heart lungs brain). - Fetal stage- this is when the embryo becomes a fetus. This is when they establish new structure/building up more of what they have. Difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics:- Primary Characteristics- a physical feature such as the reproductive organs and genital that distinguish the sexes. - Secondary sex Characteristics- a sex-differentiating characteristic that doesn’t relate directly to reproduction, such as breast enlargement in women and deepening voices in men. Motor development:- Motor behaviors are bodily motions that occur as result of self-initiated force that movesthe bones and muscleso Ex: Sucking and rooting reflexes- always achieved in the same developmental sequenceBrian development: - starts developing after 18 days after fertilization.Attachment period:- Critical period/Sensitive Periodo Learning to speako Separation from attachment figures- Konrad Lorenz-he discovered that goslings seemed to follow around the first large, moving object they saw after hatching. Discovered imprinting. - Imprinting- when someone or something becomes largely fixated on it, and is unlikely tofollow or bond with anything else. o Ex: harry harlow experiment. This experiment was done with monkeys to show how they were attachment to certain object verses others. Attachment styles: - Secure- when departed the infant is upset, but greets her in return with joy. - Insecure-avoidant- when departed the infant is indifferent and shows little reaction on her return. - Insecure-anxious attachment- when departed the infant panics and the emotions are mixed when she returns. - Disorganized attachment- when departed and return have an inconsistent and confusedset of responses.Parenting styles:- Permissive parenting- parents who are responsive to their children, but lack rules and discipline- Uninvolved parenting- undemanding and unresponsive parents- Authoritarian parenting- strict rules, harsh punishments and little warmth.- Authoritative parenting- setting limits, reasoning with kids, and being responsive to their emotional needs.Piaget’s stages of development:- First to study cognitive development and identified stages towards adult-like thinking.- Assimilation- Absorbing new experiences into current schemaso Doesn’t change current beliefo Ex: A child calls the cat a dog because it is furry and has four paws.- Accommodation- When the new knowledge no longer fits beliefso Changes current belief o Ex: changes their belief that a cat is a cat and a dog is a dog.- Stages of development:o Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)o If you are not in front of them then you are not in their thoughts. (out of sight out of mind)This is the lack of mental representation.- Preoperational (2-7 years)o Symbolic behavior Language, drawings, objects Ex: playing house, imaginary friendso Mental representation Pretend, imagination Ex: imaginary friendso Egocentrism “The world revolves around me” kind of mind set. Ex: if you see a mountain then the other person can see it tooo Cannot do mental transformations Ex: they want the pennies because they think it is more than a quarter- Concrete Operational (7-11 years)o Can perform mental transformations and can have a conversation. - Formal Operational (adolescence)o Can reason in hypothetical situations and can have logical thinking. o Ex: “what happen when we die?”What are teratogens:o Teratogens- an environmental factor that can exert a negative impact on parentaldevelopment. Lecture on Chapter 13conformity and obedience generally:- Changing one’s behaviors and