!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Lecture!18!!Outline(of(Last(Lecture((I. Mammals!II. Reptiles!Vs.!Mammals!a. Jaws,!chewing,!teeth!Outline(of(Current(Lecture((II. Appearance!of!Primates!III. Humans!IV. Environment!Corresponding!to!the!Transitional!Form!a. Glaciers,!climate!change!Current(Lecture!I. Mammals(a. Appearance!of!primates(i. Characteristics:!Molar!teeth,!found!in!trees!(swing!from!tree!to!tree),!quadrapedal,!flexible!arm!and!shoulder!joints,!absence!of!a!tail,!larger!complex!brains(ii. Within!the!primates!are!humans(1. What!characterizes!humans?(a. Increased,encephalization!i. Amount,of,brain,power/size,of,brain!b. Obligate,bipedality!c. increased,manual,dexterity!i. A,!b,!and!c!easy!to!find!in!fossil!record/evidence!d. Speech(e. Technological!innovation(f. Cultural!transmission!of!knowledge(g. Delayed!maturation,!increased!learning!period!(age!18)(h. Complex!social!behavior(II. Humans(a. Obligate!Bipedality:!locomoting!mostly!bipedally!i. We!learn!these!motor!skills!during!our!developmental!stage!b. Bipedal!modifications!!!(((((((((Earth(125(((1st(Edition(! !c. !i. Some!of!these!modifications!result!in!our!back!problems,!energy!exertion,!etc.!!1. We!have!a!pelvic!tilt,!extension!o f!vertical!legs,!our!sacrum!is!tilted,!our!line!of!gravity!is!close!to!support!structures,!and!our!pelvis!is!broader!2. Humans!have!larger!leg!muscles!but!sho rter!and!less!muscul ar!arms!III. The!Fossil!Record!and!Evidence!for!Humans!a. Africa!!i. Transitional!forms!from!great!apes!to!humans!ii. Active!volcanoes!leads!to!a!lot!of!volcanic!ash!1. Fatal!to!o rganisms!on !ground !2. Buries!these!organisms!3. And!is!excellent!f or!datin g!(radio iso topes)!b. Lucy!&!Don!Johanson!i. In!1974,!Johanson!and!his!team!found!“Lucy”!!1. Partially!complete,!3.2!my!skeleton!2. Enough!evid ence!of!lo wer!skeleton!to!be!inf ormative!of!locomotory!behavior!ii. Lucy!was!small!(smaller!than!chimp)!1. Australopith ecines!c. Lucy’s!leg!aligns!closer!to!Modern!Human!skeleton!than!chimp!skeleton!i. From!perspective!of!pelvis,!femur,!and!foot,!Lucy!looks!very!human!ii. A!biped!!1. Yet!she!did!n ot!l eave!her!footsteps!2. 3.7!my!old!foo tprints !at!Laetol i!a. Looking!at!shape!of!footprints!IV. Evolution!to!Humans!a. Why!is!it!happening!at!this!time?!i. Last!25!my:!time!of!cooling!temperatures!! !1. Last!5!my:!dramatic!coolin g!2. Last!3!my:!time!of!Glacialdi nterglacial !cycles!ii. Time!of!hominid!evolution!corresponds!to!a!time!of!rapid!climate!change!and!a!rapidly!changing!landscape!1. In!Africa:!!a. Expansion!(interglacial)!b. Contraction!(glacial)!c. rainforests/savannah!b.
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