I. Age of Eartha. Aristotelian thoughtII. Christendom and Galileoa. Foundations of Modern ScienceIII. Natural ScienceIV. Steno’s contributionsOutline of Current LectureI. Hutton’s Theory of the Eartha. Huttonian rock cycleb. Huttonian world viewII. Lyell’s TheoriesIII. DeismCurrent LectureI. James Hutton (1726-1797): Theory of the Eartha. World-view:i. Supreme Being as designer of the world1. World = effect; divine = cause2. World and nature created but subsequently allowed to run its course without divine interferenceb. Erosioni. Observes & measures rate of erosion of soil on his propertyii. Complete loss of soil layers would occur very quickly1. “soil is thus constantly removed…we may perceive an end to this beautiful machine”2. in his deistic world viewiii. Hutton is going to test his belief in the Supreme Being by looking at nature1. Siccar point, Scotlanda. uplift -> erosion -> upliftb. Angular unconformityc. superposition – original horizontalityiv. Huttonian Rock Cycle1. Erosion2. Uplift3. Deposition4. Subsopition5. What drives the cycle?a. Earth’s internal heatb. Earth is a heat engine6. The cycles are perpetuala. cycles repeat themselves continuallyb. “no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end”c. Huttonian world viewi. Earth has a history, but it is indecipherableii. Everything repeats itselfiii. No “arrow of time”d. Design:i. Supreme Being…1. created and governs the universe2. is perfectly designed3. gave men reason4. had a plan for the universeii. Rejection of supernatural events, the providential Godiii. Rejections of organized religion: divine revelation and holy books are interpretations made by other humans, rather than authoritative sourcesiv. Strongest version of deism is that through reason and observation of the natural world one can determine the existence of Gode. Implications of Deism: Huttonian World Viewi. No extinctionsii. Living, but yet to be found1. Listed as Hutton’s reason for why we find fossils (no living examples)II. Charles Lyell (1797-1875)a. Uniformitarianism: “present as the key to the past” + gradualismi. Essentially, actualism + gradualismii. Gradualism = notion that changes occurred in the past at the same rates as they do todayb. Uniformitarianism assumes that laws and processes (actualism) are time constant and that the processes operated at nearly constant rates (gradualism) leading to a near constant (average) state of the earth (gradualism)i. Doesn’t imply that earth was static and unchangingii. Rather, changes in one part of the earth were balanced by opposite changesIII. Deisma. Plays a heavy role in these conceptsb. To deists, Divine design of the universe produced an earth that isn’t subject to sudden paroxysms and catastrophesc. Instead, governed by natural laws (gradual and slow)i. governed by ultimate purpose (teleology)←← EARTH 125 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. Age of Eartha. Aristotelian thought II. Christendom and Galileoa. Foundations of Modern ScienceIII. Natural ScienceIV. Steno’s contributionsOutline of Current Lecture I. Hutton’s Theory of the Eartha. Huttonian rock cycleb. Huttonian world viewII. Lyell’s TheoriesIII. DeismCurrent LectureI. James Hutton (1726-1797): Theory of the Eartha. World-view:i. Supreme Being as designer of the world1. World = effect; divine = cause2. World and nature created but subsequently allowed to run its course without divine interferencea. Everything has a purpose (teleology)b. Erosioni. Observes & measures rate of erosion of soil on his propertyii. Complete loss of soil layers would occur very quickly1. “soil is thus constantly removed…we may perceive an end to this beautiful machine”2. in his deistic world viewiii. Hutton is going to test his belief in the Supreme Being by looking at nature1. Siccar point, Scotlanda. uplift -> erosion -> upliftb. Angular unconformityc. superposition – original horizontalityiv. Huttonian Rock Cycle1. Erosion2. Uplift3. Deposition4. Subsopition 5. What drives the cycle?a. Earth’s internal heatb. Earth is a heat engine6. The cycles are perpetuala. cycles repeat themselves continuallyb. “no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end”c. Huttonian world viewi. Earth has a history, but it is indecipherableii. Everything repeats itselfiii. No “arrow of time”d. Design:i. Supreme Being…1. created and governs the universe2. is perfectly designed3. gave men reason4. had a plan for the universeii. Rejection of supernatural events, the providential Godiii. Rejections of organized religion: divine revelation and holy books are interpretations made by other humans, rather than authoritative sourcesiv. Strongest version of deism is that through reason and observation of the natural world one can determine the existence of Gode. Implications of Deism: Huttonian World Viewi. No extinctionsii. Living, but yet to be found1. Listed as Hutton’s reason for why we find fossils (no living examples)II. Charles Lyell (1797-1875) a. Uniformitarianism: “present as the key to the past” + gradualismi. Essentially, actualism + gradualismii. Gradualism = notion that changes occurred in the past at the same rates as they do todayb. Uniformitarianism assumes that laws and processes (actualism) are time constant and that the processes operated at nearly constant rates (gradualism) leading to a near constant (average) state of the earth (gradualism)i. Doesn’t imply that earth was static and unchangingii. Rather, changes in one part of the earth were balanced by opposite changes III. Deism a. Plays a heavy role in these conceptsb. To deists, Divine design of the universe produced an earth that isn’t subject to sudden paroxysms and catastrophesc. Instead, governed by natural laws (gradual and slow)i. governed by ultimate purpose