These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Outline of Last Lecture Global Flows: Smuggling and Trafficking I. Reasons People Migrate II. Smuggling a. Why people leave Central America, China, India III. Trafficking a. History b. Differences between smuggling and Trafficking IV. Myth or Reality? V. Linking to Globalization VI. Responses Outline of Today’s Lecture I. Notions of Security and International Relations A. Ancient philosophers that helped form the basis for International Relations over security reasons II. Three Forms of World Politics III. Efforts to Achieve International Cooperation and Security a. United Nations IV. The International System a. NGOs b. IGOs V. Compliance and Enforcement VI. Failures of Security: Child Soldiers VII. International Response Today’s Lecture International Relations, Security CICS 101 Uehling, Greta 2013 Winter Week 3 Lecture 4 1/29/13I. Notions of Security and International Relation - Conflicts over food, territory, religion and opposing ideas has been present in our world since the beginning - Thucydides, Athenian general, wrote a book concerning “power politics” o Said if you remain neutral, you are inviting conflict, must take early action - Sun Tzu: “The Art of War” Chinese military strategist, basic idea of his strategies: must be proactive o We achieve security by giving up individual liberty in exchange for order and peace o States are the principle actors in the international system - Niccolo Machiavelli, 16th century Italy, argued there is no global government (anarchy), author of the “The Prince” o How to use power to gain political dominance o Early conceptualization of realism  Idea that power is the critical element in understanding international systems  States are the major actors and determine the fate between peace and war  “It is better to be feared than loved” II. Three Forms of World Politics - Imperial system – domination of a single power over immense territories o Ex. Holy Roman Empire o Range of leaders – power-hungry to leaders of the people - Feudal System – loyalties based on allegiance to landowners - State systems – aka Anarchic system – operating in a an environment with no higher or central authority III. Origins of the State System - Westphalia Accords of 1648 o States are now the center of European order o Notion of sovereignty o Balance of power - Colonialism o An extension of the state system and the pursuit of power o Characterized by:  Pursuit of trade and markets  Access to raw materials to keep economic system going  Political control - The Bipolar World 1945-1989 o Western Bloc (US and NATO) vs. Eastern Bloc (Soviet Uniom)  Nuclear deterrence – threat of war prevents outright conflict  Détnete – some opportunities for cooperation  Perestroika – economic restructuring Politics were dominated by the 2 superpowers - Major Political Perspectives o Realism  Politics is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature  Morgenthau: states are self-interested, power-seeking rational actors, who seek to maximize their security  Both war, cooperation must be based on self-interested o Idealism/Liberalism  Humans have a capacity for good  Selfish/violent behaviors not from human nature but bad institutions  Primary institutions leading to war is the state  Intergovernmental instiutions can help prevent war o Constructivism  Criticize both realists and idealists as too concerned with the material world of resources  Argue that ideas and cognitive frameworks shape international relations  Interested not just in power, but state’s identities, goals, fear and culture IV. Efforts to Achieve International Cooperation and Security Creation of intergovernmental organizations - Prior to 17th century: relations between states had been defined by customary practices - Changes in European political system leads to the development of both international organizations and international law o League of Nations  Step forward toward international cooperation  Negotiation to solve disputes and avoid war at all costs  Limited by the lack of US participation  Could not go up against Facism and other strong entities of power - United Nations o 46 Nations o founded to replace the League o 1945 o Not exactly idealism, aim for peace through cooperation INSTEAD  Two main functions: collective security and social issues o 6 major bodies  Trusteeship Council  General Assembly  Representative body  ALL states that have ratified the UN convention  Lacks policy making power BUT approves budget, elects non-permanent members to Security Council  Security Council  Most powerful organ  Five permanenet members: France, China, UK, US, Russia - Has 10 temporary members  Criticism of UN - “undemocratic” because 5 permanent members have veto powers and don’t have to give up sovereignty to participate - believe the powers do not accurately represent the entire world’s population - HOWEVER these permanent members were key in the creation of the UN  International Court of Justice  Judicial organ of UN - Tried Nazi war criminals - Main function to settle legal disputes in states  Limited by Security Council  Power declining - Doesn’t enforce decisions, leaves it to Security Council because it was made to simply support the SC  Economic and Social Council  Secretariat  Run by the Secretary General  Runs the day to day activity of UN o Weaknesses of UN  Security council not representative of world today  Failures to prevent/intervene in conflict  Ex. Rwanda, Kosovo, and Darfur  General Assembly  Bureaucratic and inefficient o Strengths  Specialized Agencies  UNICEF – working agencies that provide help to the entire world  Helps countries remove themselves from tension, hostilities  Ex. Cuban Missile Crisis was put under control by the UN  Moral authority  Redefining security  Health, environment and economy of BOTH people and state  Security is being redefined in terms of the individual  Expanded notion of the risks to security