Psych 333 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 2 – 8Lecture 2 (August 28)Chapter 1: Abnormal Behavior in Historical ContextWho were the three main psychologists whose work significantly contributed to behavior therapy? Explain their psychological approach what information have we learned about human behavior because of them?First off, Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), was a physiologist in Russia. His study of why dogs salivate before they even see their food sparked his study of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a learned response to a neutral stimulus. In his studies, Pavlov would ring a bell each time he would feed his dog, the ringing of this bell is the conditioned stimulus because the dog eventually learned to pair the sound of this bell with his food. The food in this scenario would therefore be the unconditioned stimulus and since the food, or unconditioned stimulus, makes the dog salivate, the dogs salivation response to the food would be the unconditioned response. After a while though, when the dog learned to associate the ringing of the bell, conditioned stimulus, to food, the sound of the bell began to make the dog salivate even without the presence of food. This phenomenon of the dog salivating at the sound of the bell became the conditioned response because this response to the sound of a bell became automatic even though there is no logical reason why a bell should make a dog salivate. Pavlov’sstudy of classical conditioning is important in understanding many unusual responses in life. Today, it is often seen that cancer patients will throw up at the sight or thought of hospitals because they had thrown up so often within hospitals while going through chemotherapy. Here the chemotherapy is the unconditioned stimulus, throwing up is the unconditioned response, but the conditioned stimulus of a hospital or nurse eventually produced the conditioned response of throwing up even without exposure to the chemotherapy.Next, John B. Watson (1878-1958) was an American psychologist who founded behaviorism and strongly emphasized his belief that psychology could be as scientific as any other scientific study. Watson, along with his student Rayner, created an experiment using an 11-month old baby named Albert. In this experiment, Watson exposed baby Albert to a fluffy white rat, initially Albert had no issues with this rat, but that quickly changed. Every time Albert would reach for the rat, Watson would make a very loud sound that would scare Albert. After only five trials, Albert began to show signs of fearing the rat, and eventually, every time Albert saw something white and fluffy, even if it was as innocent and different as Santa’s beard, Albert would begin crying in fear. In this experiment, Watson learned that you can condition someone to have emotional reactions to objects, even if the objects are only semi-similar. Lastly, there is B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) whose work was heavily influenced by Freud andWatson. Skinner founded the idea of operant conditioning, a type of learning in which behavior changes due to the affect of the behavior following it. Skinner believed that our behaviors are heavily influenced by unconditioned stimulus, that reinforcements to behaviors have a long-term positive influence on the alterations of our actions. Skinner believed that positive reinforcement not only helps shape a positive behavior, but through this positive change, apositive change in ones environment occurs as well. Skinner believed in the butterfly affect, thateverything influences its surroundings, therefore, if someone changes for the better, this is affect the behaviors of his parents and those around him, eventually changing his environment. Lecture 3 (September 2)Chapter 2: An Integrative Approach to PsychopathologyExplain the difference between a multi-dimensional model and a one-dimensional model:A multi-dimensional model is the most common. It is based off the idea that there are multiple influences on why someone develops a disease or disorder. This model is complicated, systematic, and involves several independent factors that combine to become interdependent. All the causes involved in this factor cannot be considered out of context. The most common factors of influence include a combination of two or more of the following: genes, neurochemistry, emotions, lifespan development, and cultural, social, and interpersonal factors.On the other hand though, a one-dimensional model is when a disease or disorder is caused solely because of one factor. This is very rare though since one-dimensional models operate in isolation, have a linear causal effect, and usually ignores critical info. Phobias often are one-dimensional although also have the fastest diagnosis and reversal rate. Lecture 4 (September 4)Chapter 2: An Integrative Approach to PsychopathologyIdentify the major parts of the brain and briefly explain their importance:The brain can be analyzed by separating it into two sections: the brain stem and the forebrain. The brain stem is the more ancient part of the brain, it involves most essential automatic functions including breathing, sleeping, and muscle movement. While the forebrain ismore advanced and involves more cognition processes. The brain stem is made up of the hindbrain, the midbrain, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus. The hindbrain, which is located at the lowest part of the brainstem, contains the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum. The hindbrain is responsible for regulating many automatic activities, including breaking, heartbeat, and digestion, while the cerebellum specifically controls motor coordination. Next, the midbrain is responsible for the movement sensory input and part of the reticular activating system, which contributes of the process of arousal and tension, i.e. whether we are awake or asleep. Lastly, the thalamus and hypothalamus are involved with regulating behavior and emotion; they relay information between the forebrain and lower areas of the brain stem. The forebrain is made up of the limbic system, the basal ganglia, and the cerebral cortex.The limbic system is located just above the thalamus and hypothalamus; it includes the hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, septum, and amygdala. These parts of the limbic system work together to regulate our emotional experiences and expressions, our ability to learn, control impulses, and are involved in controlling our basic drives, i.e. sex, aggression, hunger, and