Key concepts and definition What is psychopathology The scientific study of psychological disorders What is psychological disorder mental disorder no definition can capture all aspects of all disorder DSM 5 Psychological disorder A psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning and response that is not typical or culturally expected Psychological dysfunction A breakdown in cognitive emotional or behavioral functioning Make sure u understand the examples Distress and impairment Distress The individual is extremely upset suffering anxious afraid depressed Impairment The individual is not able to function properly in one or more aspect of life social occupational sth happened Atypical or not culturally expected Atypical Deviating from average Not culturally expected Violation of cultural norm Important consideration Dimensional vs categorical Widely recognized that disorder are dimensional fall on the continuum of low severity to high severity Categorical approach is either you have or u don t have disorder People have disorder but they aren t disorder Its normal to have some symptoms of some disorder but many student misinterpret these low level symptoms as an indication that they have a disorder They are not schizophrenic or bipolar Rosenhan study illustrate that these labels are powerful and affect the way we process information about the person The use of these labels in crease stigma 1 Career in psychopathology the mental health team Clinical psychologist Psychiatrist Counseling psychologist Psychiatric social worker Psychiatric nurse Marriage and family therapist PhD PsyD in psychology with both research and clinical specialization Must be licensed and registered Provide therapy and conduct research MD prescribe medication and some provide therapy PhD or EdD in psychology Deal with adjustment and vocational problem rather than severe disorder MSW degree Focus on social issue associate with psychological disorder RN certification with specialized training in care and treatment of individuals with psychological disorder MA degree Typically work under supervision of a clinical psychologist Other important terms Prevalence Point prevalence One year prevalence Lifetime prevalence Incidence Clinical description Etiology Sex ratio Onset Acute onset Insidious onset Age of onset Prognosis Course Chronic course Episodic course The number of people in the population as whole who have the disorder The number of people in the population with the disorder at any given time The number of people in the population with the disorder in given year The number of people in the population who have had the disorder at any time in their lives The number of new cases that occur during a given time period The unique combination of behavior thoughts and feelings that make up a specific disorder The case of a disorder The ratio of females to male who have a disorder The beginning of a disorder how or when the disorder present itself Disorder begins suddenly Disorder develop gradually over an extended period of time The age at which a disorder typically present itself The anticipated course of a disorder The pattern of development and change of a disorder over time Disorder tends of last a long time often a lifetime Individual with the disorder tend to recover only to 2 Time limited course have later reoccurrences Disorder tends to improve without treatment in relatively short time History The supernatural tradition Trephining 6500bce Hole chipped into scull using crude stone instrument presumably to allow evil spirit to escape Believed to be the earliest treatment of mental disorder Middle age 14 15Century Devil demon and witchcraft or misfortune is the cause of mental disorder Treatment included exorcism confession and attempts to make the body uninhabitable for evil spirits Paracelsus early 1500s Swiss physican who rejected common idea that psychological disorder were caused by devils demon and witches Proposed that the movement of moon and stars affect people psychological functioning Advocated treatment by bodily magnetism passing magnets over people bodies herbs and heavy mentals Biological tradition Ancient Chinese medicine 2500BCE Hippocrates Believed that illness was caused by an imbalance of yin yan Five elements linked to five climactic factor and various organ which were in turn linked to various emotions called spirits Vital air within a person would concentrate on an organ producing the associated emotion Heart joy Lung sorrow Liver anger Spleen worry Kidney fear Believed mental disorder had natural causes and were due to brain pathology Use integrative approach emphasized importance of heredity and head injury as well as psychological and interpersonal dysfunction Classified all mental disorder into three categories MMP 1 mania 2 melancholia depression 3 Humeral theory 3 phrenitis brain fever Illness including mental illness is related to four bodily fluid humors Blood heart cheerfulness and delirium Black bile spleen melancholia Yellow bile liver hot temper Phlegm brain apathy Hysteria Physical illness in the absence of organic pathology was thought due to be wandering uterus Syphilis 1800s Discovery that a bacterial infection could produce delusion and that it could be cured with penicillin reinvigorated the biological tradition John grey Prominent psychiatrist and superintendent of a large hospital in NY Believed mental disorder always had physical causes and treated patient as physically ill Promoted rest good diet and ventilation Made hospital more humane but treatment was prevented concerns it would raise false hopes Insulin shock 1920 Insulin was used to produce convulsion that seemed to alleviate symptoms Very dangeroius and some patient went into comas and died Electric shock 1930 Italian psychiatrist successfully treated patients by inducting convulsion A more refined version of ECT is still used today to treat mood disorder Ex Sherwin nuland ted talk Lobotomy 1930 Surgical procedure that involved severing the connection to the prefrontal cortex Believe it would calm emotion and stabilize patient without harming their intelligence or motor function Initially used in extreme cases of psychopathology but then began to market the use for less extreme disorder Over 500000 people in the us were lobotomized until one died Ex walter freeman Drug 1950 Drug called reserpine and a class of drug called neuroleptics major transquilizer were found to be 4