Key concepts and definition What is psychopathology The scientific study of psychological disordersWhat is psychological disorder, mental disorder“no definition can capture all aspects of all disorder DSM 5”Psychological disorder A psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning and response that is not typical or culturally expected.Psychological dysfunction A breakdown in cognitive emotional or behavioral functioning Make sure u understand the examples!!!Distress and impairmentDistress The individual is extremely upset (suffering), anxious, afraid, depressed Impairment The individual is not able to function properly in one or more aspect of life (social, occupational) sth happenedAtypical or not culturally expectedAtypical Deviating from averageNot culturally expected Violation of cultural normImportant considerationDimensional vs categoricalWidely recognized that disorder are dimensional (fall on the continuum of low severity to high severity )Categorical approach is either you have or u don’t have disorderIts normal to have some symptoms of some disorder but many student misinterpret these low level symptoms as an indication that they have a disorder. People have disorder but they aren’t disorderThey are not schizophrenic or bipolar.Rosenhan study illustrate that these labels are powerful and affect the way we process information about the person.The use of these labels in crease stigma.1Career in psychopathology: the mental health teamClinical psychologist PhD PsyD in psychology with both research and clinical specialization. Must be licensed and registered.Provide therapy and conduct research.Psychiatrist MD prescribe medication and some provide therapyCounseling psychologist PhD or EdD in psychology.Deal with adjustment and vocational problem rather than severe disorder.Psychiatric social worker MSW degreeFocus on social issue associate with psychological disorder.Psychiatric nurse RN certification with specialized training in care and treatment of individuals with psychological disorder.Marriage and family therapistMA degree Typically work under supervision of a clinical psychologistOther important termsPrevalence The number of people in the population as whole whohave the disorderPoint prevalence The number of people in the population with the disorder at any given time.One year prevalence The number of people in the population with the disorder in given yearLifetime prevalence The number of people in the population who have hadthe disorder at any time in their livesIncidence The number of new cases that occur during a given time period Clinical description The unique combination of behavior, thoughts and feelings that make up a specific disorderEtiology The case of a disorderSex ratio The ratio of females to male who have a disorderOnset The beginning of a disorder (how or when the disorder present itself)Acute onset Disorder begins suddenlyInsidious onset Disorder develop gradually over an extended period of timeAge of onset The age at which a disorder typically present itselfPrognosis The anticipated course of a disorderCourse The pattern of development and change of a disorder over timeChronic course Disorder tends of last a long time often a lifetime.Episodic course Individual with the disorder tend to recover only to 2have later reoccurrences.Time limited course Disorder tends to improve without treatment in relatively short timeHistoryThe supernatural traditionTrephining 6500bce Hole chipped into scull using crude stone instrument, presumably to allow evil spirit to escape.Believed to be the earliest treatment of mental disorderMiddle age 14&15Century Devil, demon, and witchcraft or misfortune is the cause of mental disorder.Treatment included exorcism, confession and attempts to make the body uninhabitable for evil spirits.Paracelsus early 1500s Swiss physican who rejected common idea that psychological disorder were caused by devils, demon and witches. Proposed that the movement of moon and stars affect people psychological functioning. Advocated treatment by bodily magnetism(passing magnets over people bodies) herbs and heavy mentals.Biological traditionAncient Chinese medicine 2500BCEBelieved that illness was caused by an imbalance of yin, yan.Five elements linked to five climactic factor and various organ which were in turn linked to various emotions called spirits. Vital air within a person would concentrate on an organ producing the associated emotion.Heart-joyLung-sorrowLiver-angerSpleen-worryKidney-fearHippocrates Believed mental disorder had natural causes and weredue to brain pathologyUse integrative approach(emphasized importance of heredity and head injury as well as psychological and interpersonal dysfunction)Classified all mental disorder into three categories(MMP)1.mania 2.melancholia(depression) 33.phrenitis(brain fever)Humeral theory Illness(including mental illness) is related to four bodily fluid(humors)Blood-heart-cheerfulness and deliriumBlack bile-spleen-melancholiaYellow bile-liver-hot temperPhlegm-brain-apathyHysteria Physical illness in the absence of organic pathology was thought due to be wandering uterusSyphilis 1800s Discovery that a bacterial infection could produce delusion and that it could be cured with penicillin reinvigorated the biological tradition.John grey Prominent psychiatrist and superintendent of a large hospital in NY. Believed mental disorder always had physical causes and treated patient as physically ill.Promoted rest, good diet and ventilationMade hospital more humane but treatment was prevented (concerns it would raise false hopes). Insulin shock 1920 Insulin was used to produce convulsion that seemed to alleviate symptoms. Very dangeroius and some patient went into comas and diedElectric shock 1930 Italian psychiatrist successfully treated patients by inducting convulsion. A more refined version of ECT isstill used today to treat mood disorderEx: Sherwin nuland ted talkLobotomy 1930 Surgical procedure that involved severing the connection to the prefrontal cortex. Believe it would calm emotion and stabilize patient without harming their intelligence or motor functionInitially used in extreme cases of psychopathology butthen began to market the use for less extreme disorder.Over 500000 people in the us were lobotomized until one died.Ex: walter freeman Drug 1950 Drug called reserpine and a class of drug called neuroleptics (major transquilizer) were found to be 4effective